Real estate investment in property is less volatile then investing in the share market. As your property grows in value, your capital grows and you also get good dividends. There is a growing demand for residential properties even in the suburbs due to the overly crowded cities. Investing in Residential Property has always been a good investment as it gives a sense of security to you and gives the option of getting good equity income from it. You can either have it as your dream home or you can opt for renting or leasing it out to get more dividends out of it.
There are usually two types of Investments in Residential Investments.
Self Occupied.
A self-occupied property generally yields returns after you sell it. The returns depend upon various property escalation factors like when you bought the property, when you sell it, what is the market rate is, the scope for development of the area and others. You don’t get dividends from this, but the net profit through selling after some time would be great.
To Be Leased out
When you lease out, the returns typically vary from 5% - 7% annually only on the basis of rent received per year. The property escalation factors play a vital role here also. With a lot of multinational companies, foreigners, banks etc in the market it is very easy to buy an apartment and lease the same out.
Usually in residential property investment, the strategy is to buy the property in the suburbs, rather than the expensive urban area, and in due course of time sell it when the rate increases. There are a lot of property escalation factors like commercial development of that area, migration of a large number of people due to overly crowded city areas, industrial expansion, accessibility through transportation, availability of essential services like hospitals nearby and others which could increase the rate of your residential property. So, it is always a wise option to invest judiciously in residential property.
Sunday, October 25, 2009
Friday, October 16, 2009
What is Professional Indemnity Insurance? an Easy to Understand Guide
Professional Indemnity Insurance (PI) is difficult to comprehend. However, I've devised a guide to make professional indemnity insurance simple.
What is Professional Indemnity Insurance?
Professional Indemnity Insurance is a form of business insurance for professionals who are in industries where others may rely on their professional advice. By being regarded as an 'expert' in a field, others may seek legal action against you if they suffer a loss from your professional advice.
For example, if you are an accountant and are responsible for preparing and lodging your client's tax returns, a failure to lodge the tax returns on time can result in interest and penalties for your client. Your client could take legal action against you for a breach of your professional duty.
Professional Indemnity Insurance may protect you from such action by covering claims made against you, including legal defense costs up to your specified amount of cover, and after taking into account your excess (of course, you would need to look at your policy wording to look at what specifically is covered).
Why Do People Hate Thinking About Professional Indemnity Insurance?
Professional Indemnity Insurance forms the largest percentage of your business insurance expenses. Typically, Professional Indemnity Insurance is a time-consuming process taking up to 12 weeks. Again, it's expensive and most people don't know if they are getting the best deal.
This is where companies like BizCover steps in to satisfy your Professional Indemnity Insurance needs. BizCover allows you to get live online quotes in under 2 minutes, and purchase in only a couple more. BizCover also allows business professionals to compare policies from leading insurance providers (AIG, Dual and Vero) to make sure that you're getting the cover you need. By staying online, you are also benefiting from reduced pricing and costs.
What is Professional Indemnity Insurance?
Professional Indemnity Insurance is a form of business insurance for professionals who are in industries where others may rely on their professional advice. By being regarded as an 'expert' in a field, others may seek legal action against you if they suffer a loss from your professional advice.
For example, if you are an accountant and are responsible for preparing and lodging your client's tax returns, a failure to lodge the tax returns on time can result in interest and penalties for your client. Your client could take legal action against you for a breach of your professional duty.
Professional Indemnity Insurance may protect you from such action by covering claims made against you, including legal defense costs up to your specified amount of cover, and after taking into account your excess (of course, you would need to look at your policy wording to look at what specifically is covered).
Why Do People Hate Thinking About Professional Indemnity Insurance?
Professional Indemnity Insurance forms the largest percentage of your business insurance expenses. Typically, Professional Indemnity Insurance is a time-consuming process taking up to 12 weeks. Again, it's expensive and most people don't know if they are getting the best deal.
This is where companies like BizCover steps in to satisfy your Professional Indemnity Insurance needs. BizCover allows you to get live online quotes in under 2 minutes, and purchase in only a couple more. BizCover also allows business professionals to compare policies from leading insurance providers (AIG, Dual and Vero) to make sure that you're getting the cover you need. By staying online, you are also benefiting from reduced pricing and costs.
Monday, October 12, 2009
Wild Parties and the Bank of England
Mervyn King, Governor of the Bank of England, is normally noted for his restrained and diplomatic language in statements concerning interest rates and the general performance of the UK economy.
However, this reserve and restraint appears to be changing. During the Northern Rock banking crisis in the summer of 2007, he justified his reluctance to intervene and save the bank by reference to 'moral hazard'. By this he meant that banks, like every other private sector organisation, should be subject to normal commercial forces. If the directors act wisely, the bank will grow and prosper. If they act foolishly, they will make losses and risk takeover or even bankruptcy.
Several commentators made light of his remarks and suggested that he may have been visiting lap dancing clubs frequented by younger City traders. The amusing comments lasted for several weeks, but before the story ended, the Governor had performed a spectacular U turn. The threat of moral hazard had been overshadowed by the lines of depositors outside Northern Rock branches who were waiting to withdraw their funds.
The Chancellor of the Exchequer, Alistair Darling, described the action of depositors as irrational and felt obliged to stop the panic by guaranteeing all deposits at Northern Rock. The bank was subsequently nationalised or taken into public ownership.
In the US, the pattern was repeated. On the one hand, the Fed wished to respect market forces and let poor performing banks fail, but at the same time was mindful of the wider implications of such failures.
Eight banks have been closed in the US during 2008 by state and national regulators. The most significant casualty being Indy Mac of Pasadena, California and this was the second largest collapse in US banking history. Although, the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation is expecting to payout some US$ 7 billion to depositors, this will only cover the first US$ 100,000 of each account. It is estimated that some 30,000 of Indy Mac's customers have deposits in excess of this guaranteed sum.
However, the Fed has not implemented this policy across the board. When the investment bank, Bear Stearns, was in trouble, the Fed quickly arranged for JP Morgan to take over the bank. The irony is that Bear Stearns did not hold the life savings of small depositors, but managed investments for corporations and wealthy speculators. The Fed felt that Bear Stearns was simply too big to fail and that its dealings were complex. The failure of Bear Stearns would lead to a contagion and drag many other large players to the brink. The international dimension of Bear operations, also meant that the global standing of all US financial institutions would be adversely affected.
The action by the Fed has drawn criticism from many quarters. It has bailed out an investment bank which managed funds for wealthy clients and has let a bank which specialised in mortgage lending fail. This sounds like public support for the wealthy and privileged while poorer people have to face the cold wind of capitalism.
Both the Bank of England and the Fed are trying to devise prudent and coherent policies in response to criticism and public concern. This is an urgent process as the fallout of the credit crunch is far from over and other banks remain fragile.
The behaviour of banks during the years of easy credit was akin to herd instinct behaviour. Financial derivatives, based on the packaging of US sub prime mortgages were popular bank investments. They were also given top ratings by agencies such as Standard & Poor's and Moody's.
However, these rating were flawed. The imaginative and complex way in which mortgage debt was sliced, diced and repackaged meant that credit rating became based on guesses and not hard facts. When these ratings were downgraded the repercussions were immediate and significant. For example, the UK buy-to-let mortgage lender, Bradford & Bingley, suffered a serious reversal when Moody's revised its rating. This led TPG, formerly Texas Pacific Capital, to withdraw from the proposed purchase of 23% of the bank's shares.
Mervyn King, in a speech on 10 June 2008, commented on the increasingly risky behaviour of banks. He said 'If banks feel they must keep on dancing while the music is playing and that at the end of the party the central bank will make sure everyone gets home safely, then over time the parties will become wider and wilder.'
If the adverse effects were limited to hangovers by party-goers, this may be of little consequence. But when the party ends, unfortunate and innocent people have their houses repossessed and some elderly folk lose their life's savings.
Not only are banks cushioned against the implications of disastrous investments, their top management seem to be immune from criticism. In the UK, Sir Fred Goodwin, Chief Executive of RBS defended his position after his bank revealed a GBP 5.9bn loss while Michael Geoghegan of HSBC, after indicating a possible US$ 6bn loss, asked shareholders for 3 years to sort matters out.
At the same time, all major banks are calling in loans to small and medium size business in an effort to boost their cash holdings. These loans can be called in on demand and the borrower does not need to default before this takes place. This action understandably causes outrage in the wider business community and will lead many small firms into bankruptcy.
The problem of bank failures and public bailouts is now a matter of serious concern. The party is indeed over, and the party goers are back in the office actively foreclosing on mortgages and calling in loans to small companies. The challenge is too great for the Bank of England and the Fed to handle without direction and support from their respective governments.
However, this reserve and restraint appears to be changing. During the Northern Rock banking crisis in the summer of 2007, he justified his reluctance to intervene and save the bank by reference to 'moral hazard'. By this he meant that banks, like every other private sector organisation, should be subject to normal commercial forces. If the directors act wisely, the bank will grow and prosper. If they act foolishly, they will make losses and risk takeover or even bankruptcy.
Several commentators made light of his remarks and suggested that he may have been visiting lap dancing clubs frequented by younger City traders. The amusing comments lasted for several weeks, but before the story ended, the Governor had performed a spectacular U turn. The threat of moral hazard had been overshadowed by the lines of depositors outside Northern Rock branches who were waiting to withdraw their funds.
The Chancellor of the Exchequer, Alistair Darling, described the action of depositors as irrational and felt obliged to stop the panic by guaranteeing all deposits at Northern Rock. The bank was subsequently nationalised or taken into public ownership.
In the US, the pattern was repeated. On the one hand, the Fed wished to respect market forces and let poor performing banks fail, but at the same time was mindful of the wider implications of such failures.
Eight banks have been closed in the US during 2008 by state and national regulators. The most significant casualty being Indy Mac of Pasadena, California and this was the second largest collapse in US banking history. Although, the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation is expecting to payout some US$ 7 billion to depositors, this will only cover the first US$ 100,000 of each account. It is estimated that some 30,000 of Indy Mac's customers have deposits in excess of this guaranteed sum.
However, the Fed has not implemented this policy across the board. When the investment bank, Bear Stearns, was in trouble, the Fed quickly arranged for JP Morgan to take over the bank. The irony is that Bear Stearns did not hold the life savings of small depositors, but managed investments for corporations and wealthy speculators. The Fed felt that Bear Stearns was simply too big to fail and that its dealings were complex. The failure of Bear Stearns would lead to a contagion and drag many other large players to the brink. The international dimension of Bear operations, also meant that the global standing of all US financial institutions would be adversely affected.
The action by the Fed has drawn criticism from many quarters. It has bailed out an investment bank which managed funds for wealthy clients and has let a bank which specialised in mortgage lending fail. This sounds like public support for the wealthy and privileged while poorer people have to face the cold wind of capitalism.
Both the Bank of England and the Fed are trying to devise prudent and coherent policies in response to criticism and public concern. This is an urgent process as the fallout of the credit crunch is far from over and other banks remain fragile.
The behaviour of banks during the years of easy credit was akin to herd instinct behaviour. Financial derivatives, based on the packaging of US sub prime mortgages were popular bank investments. They were also given top ratings by agencies such as Standard & Poor's and Moody's.
However, these rating were flawed. The imaginative and complex way in which mortgage debt was sliced, diced and repackaged meant that credit rating became based on guesses and not hard facts. When these ratings were downgraded the repercussions were immediate and significant. For example, the UK buy-to-let mortgage lender, Bradford & Bingley, suffered a serious reversal when Moody's revised its rating. This led TPG, formerly Texas Pacific Capital, to withdraw from the proposed purchase of 23% of the bank's shares.
Mervyn King, in a speech on 10 June 2008, commented on the increasingly risky behaviour of banks. He said 'If banks feel they must keep on dancing while the music is playing and that at the end of the party the central bank will make sure everyone gets home safely, then over time the parties will become wider and wilder.'
If the adverse effects were limited to hangovers by party-goers, this may be of little consequence. But when the party ends, unfortunate and innocent people have their houses repossessed and some elderly folk lose their life's savings.
Not only are banks cushioned against the implications of disastrous investments, their top management seem to be immune from criticism. In the UK, Sir Fred Goodwin, Chief Executive of RBS defended his position after his bank revealed a GBP 5.9bn loss while Michael Geoghegan of HSBC, after indicating a possible US$ 6bn loss, asked shareholders for 3 years to sort matters out.
At the same time, all major banks are calling in loans to small and medium size business in an effort to boost their cash holdings. These loans can be called in on demand and the borrower does not need to default before this takes place. This action understandably causes outrage in the wider business community and will lead many small firms into bankruptcy.
The problem of bank failures and public bailouts is now a matter of serious concern. The party is indeed over, and the party goers are back in the office actively foreclosing on mortgages and calling in loans to small companies. The challenge is too great for the Bank of England and the Fed to handle without direction and support from their respective governments.
Research Report on Chinese Private Banking Market, 2009
Private banking is derived from Swiss, specialized in the fortune management business of providing special financial services, promoting the cooperative value between commercial banks and customers and prolonging customer relationship value chains. The concept of private banking came out in China after 2005. In September, 2005, Swiss Friends Bank Co Ltd started its business in Shanghai and brought the concept of private banking to Chinese market. Since 2007, the profits of private banking were ten fold of other retail business. Therefore, more and more domestic banks began to involve in the private banking.
In recent years, many banks announced to set up their private banking centers. It is without doubt for these banks to occupy some rich men gathering places as their focuses, such as Beijing, Shanghai and Shenzhen etc. The customers of private banks from China Merchants Bank Co., Ltd grew by 35% than that in 2008. Compared with less than 0.02% private banking customers in the whole customers of China Merchants Bank Co., Ltd, the total assets of private banks accounted for more than 10%, the highest level in all commercial banks. The private banking of China CITIC Bank also rose fast in 2008. Now its customers of private banking are two thousand. The condition of private bank in China Merchants Bank Co., Ltd is 10 million Yuan (1.46 million USD), but China CITIC Bank is 8 million Yuan (1.16 million USD).
In 2007, Chinese private banking rose. Chinese funded banks mainly concluded Bank of China, China Merchants Bank Co., Ltd, Industrial and Commercial Bank of China Ltd, China CITIC Bank, Bank of Communications, Construction Bank of China and China Minsheng Bank etc. The foreign funded banks concluded Hong Kong and Shanghai Banking Corporation Limited
, Citi Bank, Bank of East Asia, Deutsche Bank Group, Swiss Friends Bank Co Ltd, BNP Paribas, Standard Chartered Bank and Edmond de Rothschild.
Chinese private banks are mainly located in the economically developed areas, such as Shanghai, Beijing and Shenzhen etc. foreign funded banks are in Shanghai and Beijing. Some Chinese funded banks, because of its local advantages, also set their private banks in big cities with huge customer potential, their business spreading a wide area.
By the end of 2008, Chinese millionaires were about 0.5 to 1 million. The reason for uncertain numbers is that Chinese millionaires were accustomed to investment in real estate, such as living houses and shops etc. they expected to benefit from revaluation in real estate, so the numbers fluctuated sharply. The definition of millionaire is that individual floating assets are more than one million USD Except housing.
The global financial crisis, stemmed from the sharp decline of American real estate market, seriously stroke the large European and American banks. Although most private banks escaped from direct hit, they were influenced by the financial fluctuation. The crisis made some investors to transfer their investment to more conservative products, leading to the profit reduction in some private banks.
Taking consideration of the infancy of local financial market, many riches are preferential to manage their fortunes offshore in previous Chinese emerging market. The foreign funded banks occupy the most part of market share. The occurrence of financial crisis makes Asia especially China become the minimal negative influential country and the safest market. In the future, Chinese rich families are even preferential to invest at home, which brings huge development opportunities for Chinese private banking.
In the developed countries, the success of private banking is inseparable with politics, society, economy and law, such as steady currency value, natural advantages of tax rate, long financial history, prosperity in financial market, steady bank systems, sound legal and confidential systems and massive rich experienced financial talents.
By contrast, Chinese private banking market, with huge market potential, needs perfection of supporting infrastructure in its infancy. Chinese private banking market mainly faces the following problems: strictly supervision of finance and the adoption of separate supervises models is unfavorable to the promotion of various businesses; Underdevelopment of financial market (regardless of business tools or means); lack of strong investment bank supports; shortage of necessary systems and organizational structures of private banks.
From the part of Chinese private banking, international financial crisis is not only strikes but also opportunities, on the one hand, the slowdown risk existence in the private banking market, on the other hand, the development opportunities of organizations and talents transferring to Chinese market.
As a whole, Chinese private banking market is still in its infancy and hugely demanded for customers. In two to three years, Chinese private banking market will rise explosively.
The author of this report made a profound investigation and investigation of Chinese private banking, and then wrote this report. Readers can obtain more following information:
- Present situations of Chinese private banking
- Analysis on the market demands of Chinese private banking
- Analysis on the foreign funded banks with private banking in China
- Analysis on the local banks with private banking in China
- Analysis on the factors affecting the development of Chinese private banking
- Analysis on the development trends of Chinese private banking
- Analysis on the influences of international financial crisis on Chinese private banking
In recent years, many banks announced to set up their private banking centers. It is without doubt for these banks to occupy some rich men gathering places as their focuses, such as Beijing, Shanghai and Shenzhen etc. The customers of private banks from China Merchants Bank Co., Ltd grew by 35% than that in 2008. Compared with less than 0.02% private banking customers in the whole customers of China Merchants Bank Co., Ltd, the total assets of private banks accounted for more than 10%, the highest level in all commercial banks. The private banking of China CITIC Bank also rose fast in 2008. Now its customers of private banking are two thousand. The condition of private bank in China Merchants Bank Co., Ltd is 10 million Yuan (1.46 million USD), but China CITIC Bank is 8 million Yuan (1.16 million USD).
In 2007, Chinese private banking rose. Chinese funded banks mainly concluded Bank of China, China Merchants Bank Co., Ltd, Industrial and Commercial Bank of China Ltd, China CITIC Bank, Bank of Communications, Construction Bank of China and China Minsheng Bank etc. The foreign funded banks concluded Hong Kong and Shanghai Banking Corporation Limited
, Citi Bank, Bank of East Asia, Deutsche Bank Group, Swiss Friends Bank Co Ltd, BNP Paribas, Standard Chartered Bank and Edmond de Rothschild.
Chinese private banks are mainly located in the economically developed areas, such as Shanghai, Beijing and Shenzhen etc. foreign funded banks are in Shanghai and Beijing. Some Chinese funded banks, because of its local advantages, also set their private banks in big cities with huge customer potential, their business spreading a wide area.
By the end of 2008, Chinese millionaires were about 0.5 to 1 million. The reason for uncertain numbers is that Chinese millionaires were accustomed to investment in real estate, such as living houses and shops etc. they expected to benefit from revaluation in real estate, so the numbers fluctuated sharply. The definition of millionaire is that individual floating assets are more than one million USD Except housing.
The global financial crisis, stemmed from the sharp decline of American real estate market, seriously stroke the large European and American banks. Although most private banks escaped from direct hit, they were influenced by the financial fluctuation. The crisis made some investors to transfer their investment to more conservative products, leading to the profit reduction in some private banks.
Taking consideration of the infancy of local financial market, many riches are preferential to manage their fortunes offshore in previous Chinese emerging market. The foreign funded banks occupy the most part of market share. The occurrence of financial crisis makes Asia especially China become the minimal negative influential country and the safest market. In the future, Chinese rich families are even preferential to invest at home, which brings huge development opportunities for Chinese private banking.
In the developed countries, the success of private banking is inseparable with politics, society, economy and law, such as steady currency value, natural advantages of tax rate, long financial history, prosperity in financial market, steady bank systems, sound legal and confidential systems and massive rich experienced financial talents.
By contrast, Chinese private banking market, with huge market potential, needs perfection of supporting infrastructure in its infancy. Chinese private banking market mainly faces the following problems: strictly supervision of finance and the adoption of separate supervises models is unfavorable to the promotion of various businesses; Underdevelopment of financial market (regardless of business tools or means); lack of strong investment bank supports; shortage of necessary systems and organizational structures of private banks.
From the part of Chinese private banking, international financial crisis is not only strikes but also opportunities, on the one hand, the slowdown risk existence in the private banking market, on the other hand, the development opportunities of organizations and talents transferring to Chinese market.
As a whole, Chinese private banking market is still in its infancy and hugely demanded for customers. In two to three years, Chinese private banking market will rise explosively.
The author of this report made a profound investigation and investigation of Chinese private banking, and then wrote this report. Readers can obtain more following information:
- Present situations of Chinese private banking
- Analysis on the market demands of Chinese private banking
- Analysis on the foreign funded banks with private banking in China
- Analysis on the local banks with private banking in China
- Analysis on the factors affecting the development of Chinese private banking
- Analysis on the development trends of Chinese private banking
- Analysis on the influences of international financial crisis on Chinese private banking
A Study the Strategies Issue in Indian Banking Sector
A banking company in India has been defined in the banking companies act,1949.as one “which transacts the business of banking which means the accepting, for the purpose of lending or investment of deposits of money from the public, repayable on demand or otherwise and withdraw able by cheque, draft, order or otherwise.” Most of the activities a Bank performs are derived from the above definition. In addition, Banks are allowed to perform certain activities which are ancillary to this business of accepting deposits and lending. A bank's relationship with the public, therefore, revolves around accepting deposits and lending money. Another activity which is assuming increasing importance is transfer of money - both domestic and foreign - from one place to another. This activity is generally known as "remittance business" in banking parlance. The so called forex (foreign exchange) business is largely a part of remittance albeit it involves buying and selling of foreign currencies.
Functioning of a Bank is among the more complicated of corporate operations. Since Banking involves dealing directly with money, governments in most countries regulate this sector rather stringently. In India, the regulation traditionally has been very strict and in the opinion of certain quarters, responsible for the present condition of banks, where NPAs are of a very high order. The process of financial reforms, which started in 1991, has cleared the cobwebs somewhat but a lot remains to be done. The multiplicity of policy and regulations that a Bank has to work with makes its operations even more complicated, sometimes bordering on illogical. This section, which is also intended for banking professional, attempts to give an overview of the functions in as simple manner as possible. Banking Regulation Act of India, 1949 defines Banking as "accepting, for the purpose of lending or investment of deposits of money from the public, repayable on demand or otherwise and withdraw able by cheques, draft, and order or otherwise."
KINDS OF BANKS
Financial requirements in a modern economy are of a diverse nature, distinctive variety and large magnitude. Hence, different types of banks have been instituted to cater to the varying needs of the community. Banks in the organized sector can be classified in to the following
1. COMMERCIAL BANKS:-
Commercial banks are joint stock companies dealing in money and credit. In India, however there is a mixed banking system, prior to July 1969, all the commercial banks-73 scheduled and 26 non-scheduled banks, except the state bank of India and its subsidiaries-were under the control of private sector. On July 19, 1969, however, 14Major commercial banks with deposits of over 50 Corers were nationalized. In April 1980, another six commercial banks of high standing were taken over by the government.
2. CO-OPERATIVE BANKS:-
Co-operative banks are a group of financial institutions organized under the provisions of the Co-operative societies Act of the states. The main objective of co-operative banks is to provide cheap credits to their members. They are based on the principle of self-reliance and mutual co-operation. Co-operative banking system in India has the shape of a pyramid a three tier structure, constituted by:
3. SPECIALIZED BANKS:-
There are specialized forms of banks catering to some special needs with this unique nature of activities. Foreign exchange banks, Industrial banks, Development banks, Land development banks, Exim bank are important.
4. CENTRAL BANK:-
A central bank is the apex financial institution in the banking and financial system
of a country. It is regarded as the highest monetary authority in the country. It acts as the leader of the money market. It supervises, control and regulates the activities of the commercial banks. It is a service oriented financial institution. India’s central bank is the reserve bank of India established in 1935.and it was nationalized in 1949.It is free from parliamentary control.
ROLE OF BANKS IN A DEVELOPING ECONOMY
Banks play a very important and dynamic role in the economic life of every modern state. A study of the economic history of western country shows that without the evolution of commercial banks in the 18th and 19th centuries, the industrial revolution would not have taken place in Europe. The economic importance of commercial banks to the developing countries may be viewed thus:
Functioning of a Bank is among the more complicated of corporate operations. Since Banking involves dealing directly with money, governments in most countries regulate this sector rather stringently. In India, the regulation traditionally has been very strict and in the opinion of certain quarters, responsible for the present condition of banks, where NPAs are of a very high order. The process of financial reforms, which started in 1991, has cleared the cobwebs somewhat but a lot remains to be done. The multiplicity of policy and regulations that a Bank has to work with makes its operations even more complicated, sometimes bordering on illogical. This section, which is also intended for banking professional, attempts to give an overview of the functions in as simple manner as possible. Banking Regulation Act of India, 1949 defines Banking as "accepting, for the purpose of lending or investment of deposits of money from the public, repayable on demand or otherwise and withdraw able by cheques, draft, and order or otherwise."
KINDS OF BANKS
Financial requirements in a modern economy are of a diverse nature, distinctive variety and large magnitude. Hence, different types of banks have been instituted to cater to the varying needs of the community. Banks in the organized sector can be classified in to the following
1. COMMERCIAL BANKS:-
Commercial banks are joint stock companies dealing in money and credit. In India, however there is a mixed banking system, prior to July 1969, all the commercial banks-73 scheduled and 26 non-scheduled banks, except the state bank of India and its subsidiaries-were under the control of private sector. On July 19, 1969, however, 14Major commercial banks with deposits of over 50 Corers were nationalized. In April 1980, another six commercial banks of high standing were taken over by the government.
2. CO-OPERATIVE BANKS:-
Co-operative banks are a group of financial institutions organized under the provisions of the Co-operative societies Act of the states. The main objective of co-operative banks is to provide cheap credits to their members. They are based on the principle of self-reliance and mutual co-operation. Co-operative banking system in India has the shape of a pyramid a three tier structure, constituted by:
3. SPECIALIZED BANKS:-
There are specialized forms of banks catering to some special needs with this unique nature of activities. Foreign exchange banks, Industrial banks, Development banks, Land development banks, Exim bank are important.
4. CENTRAL BANK:-
A central bank is the apex financial institution in the banking and financial system
of a country. It is regarded as the highest monetary authority in the country. It acts as the leader of the money market. It supervises, control and regulates the activities of the commercial banks. It is a service oriented financial institution. India’s central bank is the reserve bank of India established in 1935.and it was nationalized in 1949.It is free from parliamentary control.
ROLE OF BANKS IN A DEVELOPING ECONOMY
Banks play a very important and dynamic role in the economic life of every modern state. A study of the economic history of western country shows that without the evolution of commercial banks in the 18th and 19th centuries, the industrial revolution would not have taken place in Europe. The economic importance of commercial banks to the developing countries may be viewed thus:
Tuesday, October 6, 2009
Finance and Financial Planning
Finance means providing funds for business or it is a branch of economics which also refers to the concepts of time,money,risk and other assets. In a Business management, finance is a most important characteristic as business and finance are interrelated. One can achieve its goal by choosing the correct financial instruments. Financial planning is essential for both the individual and an organization to ensure a secure future.
Personal financial decisions may involve paying for education, insurance policies, and income tax management, investing and savings accounts. Personal finance is used to avoid burden and life become enjoyable, if getting it from a right source at minimum cost. Personal loan is also a part of personal finance.
Financial planning is very important in business to achieve its objectives. In general, payment plans available under an insurance premium finance arrangement consist of a down payment followed by equal, monthly installments. The amount of down payment required, as well as the number of installments to be paid by the insured, may vary depending on the underlying insurance policy terms and conditions, the nature of the insured’s business and the credit worthiness of the insured. The complete terms of the premium finance loan, including the payment schedule and interest rate charged, are reflected on the finance contract.
Small business finance is a stepping stone for all small businesses. With small business finance borrower can minimize the difficulty of funds that the borrower comes across during the business. There are two main types of finance available to small business. They are Debt Finance and Equity Finance. In Debt Finance, the borrower has to repay the principal and interest where as Equity Finance is a time consuming process. The source of equity finance may be through a joint venture, private investors.
Professionals in corporate finance assist organizations invest money to run the business and grow the business. Theses specialists work to support and expand business operations. Online has proved to be a simple and the fast method of acquiring the small business finance. The small business finance borrower must not forget to compare the quotes of different lenders in respect to repayment period, lower interest rate, and the loaned amount.
Vendor program arrangement is a kind of financing arrangement in which finance is offered to the customers as a sales, marketing & deal closing tool. Country, state, city or municipality finance is called public finance. It is concerned with the budgeting process.
Each type of company requires a unique way of marketing depending on what kind of focus they have for their company. Advertising a company is purely based on the products. Making the plan and getting the overview is not enough. Company needs to put the plan into action and follow it up and evaluate it periodically.
International finance is the branch of economics that studies the dynamics of exchange rate,foreign investment, and how these affect international trade. It also studies international projects, international investments and capital flows, and trade deficits. It includes the study of futures, options and currency swaps. Together with international trade theory, international finance is also a branch of international economics.
Personal financial decisions may involve paying for education, insurance policies, and income tax management, investing and savings accounts. Personal finance is used to avoid burden and life become enjoyable, if getting it from a right source at minimum cost. Personal loan is also a part of personal finance.
Financial planning is very important in business to achieve its objectives. In general, payment plans available under an insurance premium finance arrangement consist of a down payment followed by equal, monthly installments. The amount of down payment required, as well as the number of installments to be paid by the insured, may vary depending on the underlying insurance policy terms and conditions, the nature of the insured’s business and the credit worthiness of the insured. The complete terms of the premium finance loan, including the payment schedule and interest rate charged, are reflected on the finance contract.
Small business finance is a stepping stone for all small businesses. With small business finance borrower can minimize the difficulty of funds that the borrower comes across during the business. There are two main types of finance available to small business. They are Debt Finance and Equity Finance. In Debt Finance, the borrower has to repay the principal and interest where as Equity Finance is a time consuming process. The source of equity finance may be through a joint venture, private investors.
Professionals in corporate finance assist organizations invest money to run the business and grow the business. Theses specialists work to support and expand business operations. Online has proved to be a simple and the fast method of acquiring the small business finance. The small business finance borrower must not forget to compare the quotes of different lenders in respect to repayment period, lower interest rate, and the loaned amount.
Vendor program arrangement is a kind of financing arrangement in which finance is offered to the customers as a sales, marketing & deal closing tool. Country, state, city or municipality finance is called public finance. It is concerned with the budgeting process.
Each type of company requires a unique way of marketing depending on what kind of focus they have for their company. Advertising a company is purely based on the products. Making the plan and getting the overview is not enough. Company needs to put the plan into action and follow it up and evaluate it periodically.
International finance is the branch of economics that studies the dynamics of exchange rate,foreign investment, and how these affect international trade. It also studies international projects, international investments and capital flows, and trade deficits. It includes the study of futures, options and currency swaps. Together with international trade theory, international finance is also a branch of international economics.
Finance, Credit, Investments-modern Interpretation
Finance, Credit, Investments - Economical Categories. Modern Interpretation
Scientific works in the theories of finances and credit, according to the specification of the research object, are characterized to be many-sided and many-leveled.
The definition of totality of the economical relations formed in the process of formation, distribution and usage of finances, as money sources is widely spread. For example, in “the general theory of finances” there are two definitions of finances:
1) “…Finances reflect economical relations, formation of the funds of money sources, in the process of distribution and redistribution of national receipts according to the distribution and usage”. This definition is given relatively to the conditions of Capitalism, when cash-commodity relations gain universal character;
2) “Finances represent the formation of centralized ad decentralized money sources, economical relations relatively with the distribution and usage, which serve for fulfillment of the state functions and obligations and also provision of the conditions of the widened further production”. This definition is brought without showing the environment of its action. We share partly such explanation of finances and think expedient to make some specification.
First, finances overcome the bounds of distribution and redistribution service of the national income, though it is a basic foundation of finances. Also, formation and usage of the depreciation fund which is the part of financial domain, belongs not to the distribution and redistribution of the national income (of newly formed value during a year), but to the distribution of already developed value.
This latest first appears to be a part of value of main industrial funds, later it is moved to the cost price of a ready product (that is to the value too) and after its realization, and it is set the depression fund. Its source is taken into account before hand as a depression kind in the consistence of the ready products cost price.
Second, main goal of finances is much wider then “fulfillment of the state functions and obligations and provision of conditions for the widened further production”. Finances exist on the state level and also on the manufactures and branches’ level too, and in such conditions, when the most part of the manufactures are not state.
V. M. Rodionova has a different position about this subject: “real formation of the financial resources begins on the stage of distribution, when the value is realized and concrete economical forms of the realized value are separated from the consistence of the profit”. V. M. Rodionova makes an accent of finances, as distributing relations, when D. S. Moliakov underlines industrial foundation of finances. Though both of them give quite substantiate discussion of finances, as a system of formation, distribution and usage of the funds of money sources, that comes out of the following definition of the finances: “financial cash relations, which forms in the process of distribution and redistribution of the partial value of the national wealth and total social product, is related with the subjects of the economy and formation and usage of the state cash incomes and savings in the widened further production, in the material stimulation of the workers for satisfaction of the society social and other requests”.
In the manuals of the political economy we meet with the following definitions of finances:
“Finances of the socialistic state represent economical (cash) relations, with the help of which, in the way of planned distribution of the incomes and savings the funds of money sources of the state and socialistic manufactures are formed for guaranteeing the growth of the production, rising the material and cultural level of the people and for satisfying other general society requests”.
“The system of creation and usage of necessary funds of cash resources for guarantying socialistic widened further production represent exactly the finances of the socialistic society. And the totality of economical relations arisen between state, manufactures and organizations, branches, regions and separate citizen according to the movement of cash funds make financial relations”.
As we’ve seen, definitions of finances made by financiers and political economists do not differ greatly.
In every discussed position there are:
1) expression of essence and phenomenon in the definition of finances;
2) the definition of finances, as the system of the creation and usage of funds of cash sources on the level of phenomenon.
3) Distribution of finances as social product and the value of national income, definition of the distributions planned character, main goals of the economy and economical relations, for servicing of which it is used.
If refuse the preposition “socialistic” in the definition of finances, we may say, that it still keeps actuality. We meet with such traditional definitions of finances, without an adjective “socialistic”, in the modern economical literature. We may give such an elucidation: “finances represent cash resources of production and usage, also cash relations appeared in the process of distributing values of formed economical product and national wealth for formation and further production of the cash incomes and savings of the economical subjects and state, rewarding of the workers and satisfaction of the social requests”. in this elucidation of finances like D. S. Moliakov and V. M. Rodionov’s definitions, following the traditional inheritance, we meet with the widening of the financial foundation. They concern “distribution and redistribution of the value of created economical product, also the partial distribution of the value of national wealth”. This latest is very actual, relatively to the process of privatization and the transition to privacy and is periodically used in practice in different countries, for example, Great Britain and France.
“Finances – are cash sources, financial resources, their creation and movement, distribution and redistribution, usage, also economical relations, which are conditioned by intercalculations between the economical subjects, movement of cash sources, money circulation and usage”.
“Finances are the system of economical relations, which are connected with firm creation, distribution and usage of financial resources”.We meet with absolutely innovational definitions of finances in Z. Body and R. Merton’s basis manuals. “Finance – it is the science about how the people lead spending `the deficit cash resources and incomes in the definite period of time. The financial decisions are characterized by the expenses and incomes which are 1) separated in time, and 2) as a rule, it is impossible to take them into account beforehand neither by those who get decisions nor any other person”. “Financial theory consists of numbers of the conceptions… which learns systematically the subjects of distribution of the cash resources relatively to the time factor; it also considers quantitative models, with the help of which the estimation, putting into practice and realization of the alternative variants of every financial decisions take place”.
These basic conceptions and quantitative models are used at every level of getting financial decisions, but in the latest definition of finances, we meet with the following doctrine of the financial foundation: main function of the finances is in the satisfaction of the people’s requests; the subjects of economical activities of any kind (firms, also state organs of every level) are directed towards fulfilling this basic function.
For the goals of our monograph, it is important to compare well-known definitions about finances, credit and investment, to decide how and how much it is possible to integrate the finances, investments and credit into the one total part.
Some researcher thing that credit is the consisting part of finances, if it is discussed from the position of essence and category. The other, more numerous group proves, that an economical category of credit exists parallel to the economical category of finances, by which it underlines impossibility of the credit’s existence in the consistence of finances.
N. K. Kuchukova underlined the independence of the category of credit and notes that it is only its “characteristic feature the turned movement of the value, which is not related with transmission of the loan opportunities together with the owners’ rights”.
N. D. Barkovski replies that functioning of money created an economical basis for apportioning finances and credit as an independent category and gave rise to the credit and financial relations. He noticed the Gnoseological roots of science in money and credit, as the science about finances has business with the research of such economical relations, which lean upon cash flow and credit.
Let’s discuss the most spread definitions of credit. in the modern publications credit appeared to be “luckier”, then finances. For example, we meet with the following definition of credit in the finance-economical dictionary: “credit is the loan in the form of cash and commodity with the conditions of returning, usually, by paying percent. Credit represents a form of movement of the loan capital and expresses economical relations between the creditor and borrower”.
This is the traditional definition of credit. In the earlier dictionary of the economy we read: “credit is the system of economical relations, which is formed while the transmission of cash and material means into the temporal usage, as a rule under the conditions of returning and paying percent”.
In the manual of the political economy published under reduction of V. A. Medvedev the following definition is given: “credit, as an economical category, expresses the created relations between the society, labour collective and workers during formation and usage of the loan funds, under the terms of paying present and returning, during transmission of sources for the temporal usage and accumulation”.Credit is discussed in the following way in the earlier education-methodological manuals of political economy: “credit is the system of money relations, which is created in the process of using and mobilization of temporarily free cash means of the state budget, unions, manufactures, organizations and population. Credit has an objective character. It is used for providing widened further production of the state and other needs. Credit differs from finances by the returning character, while financing of manufactures and organizations by the state is fulfilled without this condition”.
We meet with the following definition if “the course of economy”: “credit is an economical category, which represents relations, while the separate industrial organizations or persons transmit money means to each-other for temporal usage under the conditions of returning. Creation of credit is conditioned by a historical process of fulfilling the economical and money relations, the form of which is the money relation”.
Following scientists give slightly different definitions of credit:
“Credit – is a loan in the form of money or commodity, which is given to the borrower by a creditor under the conditions of returning and paying the percentage rate by the borrower”.
Credit is giving the temporally free money sources or commodity as a debt for the defined terms by the price of fixed percentage. Thus, a credit is the loan in the form of money or commodity. In the process of this loan’s movement, a definite relations are formed between a creditor (the loan is given by a juridical of physical person, who gives certain cash as a debt) and the debtor.
Combining every definition named above, we come to an idea, that credit is giving money capital of commodity as a debt, for certain terms and material provision under the price of firm percentage rate. It expresses definite economical relations between the participants of the process of capital formation. Necessity of the credit relations is conditioned, from one side, by gathering solid quantity of temporarily free money sources, and from the second side, existence of requests of them.
Though, at the same time we must distinguish two resembling concepts: loan and credit. Loan is characterized by:
· Here, the discussion may touch upon transmission of money and also things form one side (loaner) to another (borrower): a)under the owning of the borrower and, at the same time, b) under the conditions of returning same amount or same quantity and quality of the things;
· The loaning of money may bear no interest;
· Any person may take part in it.
With the difference with loan, credit, which is somehow a private occasion of the loan, represents:
· One side (loaner) gives to the second one (borrower) only money, and _ for temporal usage;
· It may not bear no interest (if the assignment doesn’t foresee something);
· In it creditor is not any person, but a credit organization (at the first place, banks).
So, a credit is the bank credit. To our mind, it is not correct to use “credit” and “loan” as the synonyms.
Banking crediting is the union of relations between bank (as a creditor) and its borrower. These relations touch upon:
a) Giving a certain amount of money to the borrower for definite purpose (though, we meet with the so-called free credits, aims and objects of crediting are not appointed in the assignment);
b) Its opportune returning;
c) Getting percentage rate from the borrower for using the sources under his/her disposal.
The essential foundation of the credit essence and its important element is existence of trust between the two sides (in Latin “credo”, from which comes the word “credit”, means “trust”).
From the position of circulation of money forms (in the abstraction, historical process of formation economical relations and social budget and banking systems expressed by them) comparing different definitions of finances and credit, the paradox conclusion appears: credit is the private occasion of finances. And truly, from the position of movement of the money forms, finances represent the process of formation and usage of the funds of cash means. Very often such movements are fulfilled without returning, but sometimes, it is possible to give loans from the budget for the investment projects of other needs. Also, when a manufacture or corporations use their cash funds and we mean the finances of industrial subject, such usage may be realized as inside the manufacture or corporation (there is no subject about returning or not returning of the usage), so gratis under conditions of returning. This latest is called commercial form because of transmitting the sources to others, but even in this occasion, it is the element of financial system of the manufacture and corporation.
From the point of cash means movement, main character of credit is the process of formation and usage of the funds of cash means under the conditions of returning and, as a rule, taking the value-percentage. If gating the credit value doesn’t take place (even in the exceptional occasions), according to the movement form, credit becomes a private occasion of finances, as from the net financial funds (consequently from the state budget) the loans which bear no interests may be used. If gating credit value takes place, by the appearance form, credit is discussed to be financial modification.
From the historical point of view, finances (especially in the sort of the state budget) and credit (beginning with usury, later commercial and banking) were developing differently for considering credit to be the part of finances. Though, from the genetic-historical point of view, previous loaners, before giving loan, needed gathering the permanent capital not returning, that is the net financial foundation. The banks analogously needed concentration of the important own capital for in fluxing the consumers’ means and for getting higher percentage rate under the conditions of returning. Herewith, exactly on the financial basis, in the sort of financial fund (which later partially becomes loan fund) part of the bank capital appears to be the reservation (insurance) part of the fund, which by nature is financial and not loan. So notwithstanding the essential distinctions between finances and credit form the genetic-historical point of view, credit appears to be formed from finances and represent their modification.
From the essential position of expressing economical relations of finances and credit, we meet with cardinal distinctions between these two categories. Which mostly expressed by the distinction of the movement forms notwithstanding they are returnable or not. Finances express relations in the aspects of distribution and redistribution of social product and part of the national wealth. Credit expresses distribution of the appropriate value only in the section of percentage given for loan, while according to the loan itself, a only a temporal distribution of money sources takes place.
Herewith, there is a lot of common between the finances and credit as from the essential point of view, so according to the form of movement. At the same time, there is a significant distinction between finances and credit as in the essence, so in the form too. According to this, there must be a kind of generally economical category, which will consider finances and credit as a total unity, and in the bounds of this category itself, the separation of the specific essence of the finances and credit would take place.
Funding of the cash means is common to the researched economical categories. It takes place in any separate system of finances and credit, which have been touched upon during the analyses of defining finances and credit. Word combination “funding of the cash sources (fund formation)” reflects and defines exactly essence and form of economical category of more general character, those of finances and credit categories. Though in the in economical texts and practice, it is very uncomfortable to use a termini, which consists of three words. Also, “unloading” with an information hardens greatly its influxing into the circulation even in the conditions of its strict substantiation and thoroughness.
In the discussing context we consider:
1) wide and narrow understanding of economical category of the finances;
2) discussing finances in narrow understanding under general traditional meaning;
3) discussing finances, as funding of the cash means, in wide understanding, which concerns finances – in narrow meaning and credit – in complete meaning.
Termini “funding” and its equivalent “fund formation” are used by us as the purposeful structuring of cash means, which is based on two poles – accumulation of money sources (gathering) and its usage for definite purpose in the way of financing and crediting.
We have established a new termini – “finance-investment sphere” (FIS). Analyses about interrelation of finances and credit made by us give us an opportunity of proving, that in the given termini, the word “financial” is used with the meaning of funding cash sources, its purposeful structuring. In this process we consider at the same time financial, credit and investments’ economical categories.
Let’s sum up middle results of discussing new concept – “finance-investment sphere” and discuss its investment consisting parts.
The concept “investments” was brought into the native economical science from the West. In the Soviet economical science they for a long time used in the place “investments” the termini “capital placement”, which expressed the usage of the industrial factors in the sphere of real industrial activities during realization of capital projects. From one glance, this termini in its concept is identical to the “investments”, consequently it is possible to use them as synonyms. Though the termini “investments” and “investing” have the advantage towards the termini “capital placement” from linguistic and philological points of view, because they are expressed with one word. This is not only economical and comfortable in the process of working with the termini “investment” itself, but also it gives an opportunity of termini formation. More concretely: “investment process”, “investment domain”, “finance-investment sphere” – all these termini are much more acceptable.
Changing native economical termini with foreign ones is purposeful, if it really matters (by keeping parallel usage of the native termini for the inheritance). Though we must not change native economical termini into foreign ones all together, when by ordinal traditional language easy to explain private and narrow concrete processes and elements get their own termini. The “movement” of these termini is approved in the narrow professional bounds, but their “spitting out” into the economical science may turn economical language into the tangled slang.
Let’s discuss termini – “investment” and “capital placement’s” usage in the economical literature.
Investments are placement of funds into the main and circulation capital for the purpose of getting profit. “Investments in material assets – are the placements of funds into the mobile and real estate (land, buildings, furniture and so on). Investments in financial assets are the placements of funds into the securities bank accounts and other financial instruments”.
We don’t meet with the termini “investments” in the earlier economical dictionary, but we meet the combined termini “investment policy” – the union of the industrial decisions, which guarantee main directions of the capital investments, the activities of their concentration in the determinant suburbs, on which the reaching of planned rates of development of the society production is depended, balancing and effectiveness, getting more and more production and profit of the national income for every lost Ruble”. For today, in the most actual definitions, the capital investments are bounded only by financial means, when not only financial, but also the investment of natural, material-technical and informational resources takes place. Labour resources take an actual place in the investment process. They themselves fulfill this or that investment process.
A positive side of the discussed definitions is that they connect investment policy and capital placements (investments):
- economical development according to the key directions to the concentration;
- providing high rates of economical growth;
- raising an economical effectiveness, which is expressed:
a) by growing the throw off of the production and national income for every lost Ruble;
b) by fulfilling the branch structure of the investments;
c) by improving their technological structure;
d) by optimization of their further production structure.
Compared with such definition of the investments (capital placement) the definition of investments in the dictionary attaching the “Economics” seems to be unimproved: “investments - the expenses of gathering production and industrial means and increasing material reserve”. In this definition current expenses (production expenses) are mixed with the investment (capital) expense. Also, not the investment expenses but (though the investments are followed by the appropriate expenses) exactly advancing. It differs from the expenses by that the means (means) are put by returning the advanced values, also, under the conditions of growth, to which the concept-advanced capital is corresponding. the advancing may be realized in the money, natural-material and informational forms.
Except the termini “investments”, there are two more termini related with the investment. They are shown below.
“Human capital investment” – any activity provided for rising the workers labour productivity (in the way of growing their qualification and developing their abilities); at the expenses of improving the workers’ education, health and raising the mobility of the working forces”. It is very useful to use the mentioned termini, though it needs one correction: the human capital investments do not concern only workers, but also the servants, representatives of every kind of labour.
“Investment commodity, capital goods – a capital.”
In the official manuals of political economy of the reformation time the capital investments are discussed as “expenses for creating new main funds and widening, reconstruction and renewing the active ones”. In this definition the investments (capital placements) during separation of the forms (types) of further production of the main funds are bounded only by main funds (without increases of the circulation funds and insurance reserves): a) creating new ones; b) widening; c) reconstruction; d) renewing. Also, the concept of the industrial gathering appears, at the expenses of widening of basic, circulation funds and also insurance reserves takes place”.
You’ll meet below the definitions of investments from “the course of economy”: the investments are called “placements of fund into the basic capital (basic means of production), reserves, also other economical objects and processes, which request long-termed influxing of material and cash means. “According to the division of capital into physical and money forms, the investments too must be divided into material and cash investments”.
They apportion investment commodity, to which belong industrial and nonindustrial building objects, vehicles purposed for changing or widened technical park and the furniture, increasing reserves and others.
“They call the total investments of production an investment product, which is directed towards keeping and increasing the basic capital (basic means) and reserve. Total investments consist of two parts. One of them is called the depreciation; it represents important investment resources for compensation of renewal till the level of before industrial usage, wearing out and repairing of the basic means. Second consisting part of the total investments is represented by net investments – capital investments for the purpose of increasing basic means”. Depreciation is not a compensation resource of wearing the basic funds out, but it is the purposeful financial source of such resources.
Human capital investment is “a specific kind of investments, mostly in education and health protection”.
“Real investments are the investments in the economical branches and also, they are kinds of economical activities, which provide influxing the increases of real capital, that is increasing material values of the industrial means”. We can agree with such definition with one specification that material and nonmaterial values too belong to the real capital (wealth), consequently science-researching experimental-construction results, various information, education of he workers and others. Such service as organization of the excitable games, also the service of redistribution social wealth from one private person to another (except charity).
“Financial investments represent placement of funds into the shares, obligations, promissory notes, other securities and instruments. Such investments, of course, do not give increases of the real material capital, but they help getting profit, consequently at the expenses of changing the course of the securities in the time of speculation, or distinguishing the course in different places of sell and purchasing”. We share wholly such definition, hence it follows that financial investments (if it is not followed by real investments as a result) do not increase real material wealth and real nonmaterial wealth. According to this context, the expression below is very important: “we must distinguish financial investments, which represent placement of the funds in the ways of selling and purchasing the securities for the purpose of getting profit and financial investments, which become cash and real, moved to real physical capital.”
In the “economical course” quoted before long and short-termed investments are separated. Recognizing the existence of the bounds between them, the authors ascribe short-termed investments to “one month or more” investments. If we get such conditioned criteria, that we can call the investments which overcome the terms of some months, long-termed ones, which is very doubtful and we don’t agree with it. A long-termed character of the fund placement is a significant feature of the investments (short-term doesn’t combine with the concept of investments). Principally, it would be better to point out quick compensative, middle termed compensative and long-termed compensative investments:
- less then 6 months – quick compensative;
- from 6 months up to the year and a half – middle termed compensative;
- more then the year and a half – long termed compensative.
We stopped at the definition of the investments in the capital work “economical course” for the special purpose, as, in it the author tried to discuss the concept of investments systemically and quite completely, herewith the book is published just now.
We’ll return to the discussion the definition economical category of “investments” in different publications in the following chapter. The definitions given here are quite enough for having a notion of the level of lighting up the given category in the economical literature.
What conclusions may be made according the definition of the mentioned economical category in the published works, except the made notions and specifications?
There is quite deeply, concretely and thoroughly defined the concept of “investments”, different definitions in the economical literature; but mostly in every works about the investments discussed by us until now, there is not opened the essence of investments as an economical category. In every monograph, even if it has a title investment, as an economical category, there is given only the definition, concept of investments. But, as the Academician Vasil Chantladze explains, “a concept is a discussion, which proves something about the distinguishing feature of the researched object. A concept out of much essential characteristic features represents only one, and essential in it is only - definition”.
But the categories are much wider; it is “a key, the most fundamental concept of every science”. Economical categories theoretically represent real, objectively existed productive relations. A category is the defining of occasions of existed characters, connections, relations of the objective world. Generally, any educational process is fulfilled by the categories, which give opportunities for dividing the processes and occasions semantically, for expressing the definitions of a subject and realize their specific peculiarities and economical relations of a material world.
Our goal is exactly to substantiate investments – as an economical category and also, as a financial category in the narrow understanding.
Here we apply for another manual thesis made by the academician Vasil Chantladze: “every financial relation is an economical one and every financial category is and economical one, but not every economical relation and economical category is financial relation and financial category”.
In the process of defining the investments, it is important to take in mind the sides of resources, expenses and incomes, because investment, from one side, is the result of the manufacture’s activity, and, from another one, - a part of income, which, in this case, is not used for usage.
Another occasion: it is advisable to discuss investments in two aspects: as a category of reserve and flow, which will reflect exactly the connection between “placement of funds” and “investments”.
As we’ve mentioned above, not long ago, in the well-known Soviet literature the concepts of “the placement of funds” and “investments” were accepted to be the synonyms and concerned to be investment of sources for further production of the main funds and formation of the turnover funds. We meet with such understanding of the concept of “investment” (here, they separate three types of the investment expenses: investments in the basic capital of investments, investments in the house building and investments in the reserves) in the modern economical publications and it is mostly used on the macro level during a statistical analyze of economical processes. In this concrete occasion investment is the category of reserve.
According to the aspect of flow the investments may be discussed in the process of analyzing industrial activity, when it is necessary to learn the variety of the economical relations related with the investments’ further production and formation, sources, objects and subjects, that is on the micro level.
Main distinguishing criteria of different methods of approach towards the concept of “investment” the aspect of prolonging of measuring this showing. Is it possible or not to measure the investment showing separate from the term factor (the norm of gathering, the volume of capital property, the reserves of production and so on). If it is possible, then it is the category of reserve, and if it is not, then it is measured in the section of time and belongs to the category of flow.
Thus, investment, as an economical category, is quite consuming concept. It concerns the elements defining the regularities of function and regulation of the investment domain, privately:
First, resources and values put into the industrial activity. Here, investments may be realized in the following ways:
1. mobile and real estates (buildings, constructions, furniture and other material values);
2. cash sources, purposeful bank accounts, credits, shares and other long-termed securities;
3. owners rights according to the author’s rights, licenses, Now-How, experience and other intellectual values;
4. the rights for using land and other natural resources, also other owners rights.
Notwithstanding any forms, investments are results of capital gathering. Leading investments – regularity of gathering defines its volume and dynamics and, generally, whole investment activity.
Second, the incomes ruling volume and dynamics of the resource investment. Herewith, we must underline the circumstance, that the process of getting profit, the regularity of its creation, isn’t a constant of the concept “investment”. The factors of production (also the conditions of exploitation of capital values) and selling (market conjuncture), also the process of capital gathering is the leading and important condition only for the investment formation. Though, we underline again, that the process of getting and distributing the income is a significant component of the investment activity.
The transformation of investments makes the basis for the investment activity, which concern the following circles: resources – investment (expense) – capital property – income. The practice of realization such circles of the investments transformation is exactly the investment activity (investing). The investment activity, except the investments itself, concern motivation and stimulation of the capital gathering, relations of capital gathering and ruling, also, totality of the defined level of profitability on the capital and the goals of capital growth.
According to the mentioned above, in the definitions of the investment as economical category sometimes the needed exactness and clearness is not felt, some categories of the wealth are represented tightly enough. For example, real prosperity is bounded only by material estimation. This leads us to the unvalued investment resources in the era of transformation industrial society into the investment one; also to the recognition of yet uninvolved valuable scientific researches in the production, securities turned into speculation objects, and unreal property in the consistence of one and the same parts; to there equalization. On the basis of the made analyses, we can cite a wide definition of the investments together with the leading categories.
Investment resources – are values, invested into this or that project in this or that kind for the purpose of getting profit beginning with material ones, finished with cash.
Kinds of the prosperity are equal to the kinds of the investment resources and is divided into real and cash, consequently into financial resources.
Real investment resources concern all kinds:
- natural resources;
- labour resources;
- material resources, the usage of which is possible in the economical development (buildings, constructions, vehicles and furniture, transport and communication means and so on;
- investment resources (in the widest understanding, that is from scientific-research and experimental-construction works, till the education potential of the society and till all kinds of gathering useful information, written about every possible, that is typing and electronic bearer).
Cash, consequently financial resources concern every cash means for usage in this way in definite conditions or directed in the sort of investments.
Cash means (resources) turn into the financial resources in the case of structuring of funds of purposeful destination foreseen for investments of this or that kind.
After defining investment resources we can make wide definition of the investments as economical category.
Investments – are the placements of real, financial and intellectual resources into the projects, the fulfillment of which leads us to getting the increases from real wealth, in the material and informational forms. It is followed by a cash (financial) prosperity or its increases (at the expenses of the distribution of the cash means).
As an economical category, investments express economical relations, which are created in the ways of using and formation of the investment resources between the participants of the investment process for the purpose of improving and widening of the enterprise.
Scientific works in the theories of finances and credit, according to the specification of the research object, are characterized to be many-sided and many-leveled.
The definition of totality of the economical relations formed in the process of formation, distribution and usage of finances, as money sources is widely spread. For example, in “the general theory of finances” there are two definitions of finances:
1) “…Finances reflect economical relations, formation of the funds of money sources, in the process of distribution and redistribution of national receipts according to the distribution and usage”. This definition is given relatively to the conditions of Capitalism, when cash-commodity relations gain universal character;
2) “Finances represent the formation of centralized ad decentralized money sources, economical relations relatively with the distribution and usage, which serve for fulfillment of the state functions and obligations and also provision of the conditions of the widened further production”. This definition is brought without showing the environment of its action. We share partly such explanation of finances and think expedient to make some specification.
First, finances overcome the bounds of distribution and redistribution service of the national income, though it is a basic foundation of finances. Also, formation and usage of the depreciation fund which is the part of financial domain, belongs not to the distribution and redistribution of the national income (of newly formed value during a year), but to the distribution of already developed value.
This latest first appears to be a part of value of main industrial funds, later it is moved to the cost price of a ready product (that is to the value too) and after its realization, and it is set the depression fund. Its source is taken into account before hand as a depression kind in the consistence of the ready products cost price.
Second, main goal of finances is much wider then “fulfillment of the state functions and obligations and provision of conditions for the widened further production”. Finances exist on the state level and also on the manufactures and branches’ level too, and in such conditions, when the most part of the manufactures are not state.
V. M. Rodionova has a different position about this subject: “real formation of the financial resources begins on the stage of distribution, when the value is realized and concrete economical forms of the realized value are separated from the consistence of the profit”. V. M. Rodionova makes an accent of finances, as distributing relations, when D. S. Moliakov underlines industrial foundation of finances. Though both of them give quite substantiate discussion of finances, as a system of formation, distribution and usage of the funds of money sources, that comes out of the following definition of the finances: “financial cash relations, which forms in the process of distribution and redistribution of the partial value of the national wealth and total social product, is related with the subjects of the economy and formation and usage of the state cash incomes and savings in the widened further production, in the material stimulation of the workers for satisfaction of the society social and other requests”.
In the manuals of the political economy we meet with the following definitions of finances:
“Finances of the socialistic state represent economical (cash) relations, with the help of which, in the way of planned distribution of the incomes and savings the funds of money sources of the state and socialistic manufactures are formed for guaranteeing the growth of the production, rising the material and cultural level of the people and for satisfying other general society requests”.
“The system of creation and usage of necessary funds of cash resources for guarantying socialistic widened further production represent exactly the finances of the socialistic society. And the totality of economical relations arisen between state, manufactures and organizations, branches, regions and separate citizen according to the movement of cash funds make financial relations”.
As we’ve seen, definitions of finances made by financiers and political economists do not differ greatly.
In every discussed position there are:
1) expression of essence and phenomenon in the definition of finances;
2) the definition of finances, as the system of the creation and usage of funds of cash sources on the level of phenomenon.
3) Distribution of finances as social product and the value of national income, definition of the distributions planned character, main goals of the economy and economical relations, for servicing of which it is used.
If refuse the preposition “socialistic” in the definition of finances, we may say, that it still keeps actuality. We meet with such traditional definitions of finances, without an adjective “socialistic”, in the modern economical literature. We may give such an elucidation: “finances represent cash resources of production and usage, also cash relations appeared in the process of distributing values of formed economical product and national wealth for formation and further production of the cash incomes and savings of the economical subjects and state, rewarding of the workers and satisfaction of the social requests”. in this elucidation of finances like D. S. Moliakov and V. M. Rodionov’s definitions, following the traditional inheritance, we meet with the widening of the financial foundation. They concern “distribution and redistribution of the value of created economical product, also the partial distribution of the value of national wealth”. This latest is very actual, relatively to the process of privatization and the transition to privacy and is periodically used in practice in different countries, for example, Great Britain and France.
“Finances – are cash sources, financial resources, their creation and movement, distribution and redistribution, usage, also economical relations, which are conditioned by intercalculations between the economical subjects, movement of cash sources, money circulation and usage”.
“Finances are the system of economical relations, which are connected with firm creation, distribution and usage of financial resources”.We meet with absolutely innovational definitions of finances in Z. Body and R. Merton’s basis manuals. “Finance – it is the science about how the people lead spending `the deficit cash resources and incomes in the definite period of time. The financial decisions are characterized by the expenses and incomes which are 1) separated in time, and 2) as a rule, it is impossible to take them into account beforehand neither by those who get decisions nor any other person”. “Financial theory consists of numbers of the conceptions… which learns systematically the subjects of distribution of the cash resources relatively to the time factor; it also considers quantitative models, with the help of which the estimation, putting into practice and realization of the alternative variants of every financial decisions take place”.
These basic conceptions and quantitative models are used at every level of getting financial decisions, but in the latest definition of finances, we meet with the following doctrine of the financial foundation: main function of the finances is in the satisfaction of the people’s requests; the subjects of economical activities of any kind (firms, also state organs of every level) are directed towards fulfilling this basic function.
For the goals of our monograph, it is important to compare well-known definitions about finances, credit and investment, to decide how and how much it is possible to integrate the finances, investments and credit into the one total part.
Some researcher thing that credit is the consisting part of finances, if it is discussed from the position of essence and category. The other, more numerous group proves, that an economical category of credit exists parallel to the economical category of finances, by which it underlines impossibility of the credit’s existence in the consistence of finances.
N. K. Kuchukova underlined the independence of the category of credit and notes that it is only its “characteristic feature the turned movement of the value, which is not related with transmission of the loan opportunities together with the owners’ rights”.
N. D. Barkovski replies that functioning of money created an economical basis for apportioning finances and credit as an independent category and gave rise to the credit and financial relations. He noticed the Gnoseological roots of science in money and credit, as the science about finances has business with the research of such economical relations, which lean upon cash flow and credit.
Let’s discuss the most spread definitions of credit. in the modern publications credit appeared to be “luckier”, then finances. For example, we meet with the following definition of credit in the finance-economical dictionary: “credit is the loan in the form of cash and commodity with the conditions of returning, usually, by paying percent. Credit represents a form of movement of the loan capital and expresses economical relations between the creditor and borrower”.
This is the traditional definition of credit. In the earlier dictionary of the economy we read: “credit is the system of economical relations, which is formed while the transmission of cash and material means into the temporal usage, as a rule under the conditions of returning and paying percent”.
In the manual of the political economy published under reduction of V. A. Medvedev the following definition is given: “credit, as an economical category, expresses the created relations between the society, labour collective and workers during formation and usage of the loan funds, under the terms of paying present and returning, during transmission of sources for the temporal usage and accumulation”.Credit is discussed in the following way in the earlier education-methodological manuals of political economy: “credit is the system of money relations, which is created in the process of using and mobilization of temporarily free cash means of the state budget, unions, manufactures, organizations and population. Credit has an objective character. It is used for providing widened further production of the state and other needs. Credit differs from finances by the returning character, while financing of manufactures and organizations by the state is fulfilled without this condition”.
We meet with the following definition if “the course of economy”: “credit is an economical category, which represents relations, while the separate industrial organizations or persons transmit money means to each-other for temporal usage under the conditions of returning. Creation of credit is conditioned by a historical process of fulfilling the economical and money relations, the form of which is the money relation”.
Following scientists give slightly different definitions of credit:
“Credit – is a loan in the form of money or commodity, which is given to the borrower by a creditor under the conditions of returning and paying the percentage rate by the borrower”.
Credit is giving the temporally free money sources or commodity as a debt for the defined terms by the price of fixed percentage. Thus, a credit is the loan in the form of money or commodity. In the process of this loan’s movement, a definite relations are formed between a creditor (the loan is given by a juridical of physical person, who gives certain cash as a debt) and the debtor.
Combining every definition named above, we come to an idea, that credit is giving money capital of commodity as a debt, for certain terms and material provision under the price of firm percentage rate. It expresses definite economical relations between the participants of the process of capital formation. Necessity of the credit relations is conditioned, from one side, by gathering solid quantity of temporarily free money sources, and from the second side, existence of requests of them.
Though, at the same time we must distinguish two resembling concepts: loan and credit. Loan is characterized by:
· Here, the discussion may touch upon transmission of money and also things form one side (loaner) to another (borrower): a)under the owning of the borrower and, at the same time, b) under the conditions of returning same amount or same quantity and quality of the things;
· The loaning of money may bear no interest;
· Any person may take part in it.
With the difference with loan, credit, which is somehow a private occasion of the loan, represents:
· One side (loaner) gives to the second one (borrower) only money, and _ for temporal usage;
· It may not bear no interest (if the assignment doesn’t foresee something);
· In it creditor is not any person, but a credit organization (at the first place, banks).
So, a credit is the bank credit. To our mind, it is not correct to use “credit” and “loan” as the synonyms.
Banking crediting is the union of relations between bank (as a creditor) and its borrower. These relations touch upon:
a) Giving a certain amount of money to the borrower for definite purpose (though, we meet with the so-called free credits, aims and objects of crediting are not appointed in the assignment);
b) Its opportune returning;
c) Getting percentage rate from the borrower for using the sources under his/her disposal.
The essential foundation of the credit essence and its important element is existence of trust between the two sides (in Latin “credo”, from which comes the word “credit”, means “trust”).
From the position of circulation of money forms (in the abstraction, historical process of formation economical relations and social budget and banking systems expressed by them) comparing different definitions of finances and credit, the paradox conclusion appears: credit is the private occasion of finances. And truly, from the position of movement of the money forms, finances represent the process of formation and usage of the funds of cash means. Very often such movements are fulfilled without returning, but sometimes, it is possible to give loans from the budget for the investment projects of other needs. Also, when a manufacture or corporations use their cash funds and we mean the finances of industrial subject, such usage may be realized as inside the manufacture or corporation (there is no subject about returning or not returning of the usage), so gratis under conditions of returning. This latest is called commercial form because of transmitting the sources to others, but even in this occasion, it is the element of financial system of the manufacture and corporation.
From the point of cash means movement, main character of credit is the process of formation and usage of the funds of cash means under the conditions of returning and, as a rule, taking the value-percentage. If gating the credit value doesn’t take place (even in the exceptional occasions), according to the movement form, credit becomes a private occasion of finances, as from the net financial funds (consequently from the state budget) the loans which bear no interests may be used. If gating credit value takes place, by the appearance form, credit is discussed to be financial modification.
From the historical point of view, finances (especially in the sort of the state budget) and credit (beginning with usury, later commercial and banking) were developing differently for considering credit to be the part of finances. Though, from the genetic-historical point of view, previous loaners, before giving loan, needed gathering the permanent capital not returning, that is the net financial foundation. The banks analogously needed concentration of the important own capital for in fluxing the consumers’ means and for getting higher percentage rate under the conditions of returning. Herewith, exactly on the financial basis, in the sort of financial fund (which later partially becomes loan fund) part of the bank capital appears to be the reservation (insurance) part of the fund, which by nature is financial and not loan. So notwithstanding the essential distinctions between finances and credit form the genetic-historical point of view, credit appears to be formed from finances and represent their modification.
From the essential position of expressing economical relations of finances and credit, we meet with cardinal distinctions between these two categories. Which mostly expressed by the distinction of the movement forms notwithstanding they are returnable or not. Finances express relations in the aspects of distribution and redistribution of social product and part of the national wealth. Credit expresses distribution of the appropriate value only in the section of percentage given for loan, while according to the loan itself, a only a temporal distribution of money sources takes place.
Herewith, there is a lot of common between the finances and credit as from the essential point of view, so according to the form of movement. At the same time, there is a significant distinction between finances and credit as in the essence, so in the form too. According to this, there must be a kind of generally economical category, which will consider finances and credit as a total unity, and in the bounds of this category itself, the separation of the specific essence of the finances and credit would take place.
Funding of the cash means is common to the researched economical categories. It takes place in any separate system of finances and credit, which have been touched upon during the analyses of defining finances and credit. Word combination “funding of the cash sources (fund formation)” reflects and defines exactly essence and form of economical category of more general character, those of finances and credit categories. Though in the in economical texts and practice, it is very uncomfortable to use a termini, which consists of three words. Also, “unloading” with an information hardens greatly its influxing into the circulation even in the conditions of its strict substantiation and thoroughness.
In the discussing context we consider:
1) wide and narrow understanding of economical category of the finances;
2) discussing finances in narrow understanding under general traditional meaning;
3) discussing finances, as funding of the cash means, in wide understanding, which concerns finances – in narrow meaning and credit – in complete meaning.
Termini “funding” and its equivalent “fund formation” are used by us as the purposeful structuring of cash means, which is based on two poles – accumulation of money sources (gathering) and its usage for definite purpose in the way of financing and crediting.
We have established a new termini – “finance-investment sphere” (FIS). Analyses about interrelation of finances and credit made by us give us an opportunity of proving, that in the given termini, the word “financial” is used with the meaning of funding cash sources, its purposeful structuring. In this process we consider at the same time financial, credit and investments’ economical categories.
Let’s sum up middle results of discussing new concept – “finance-investment sphere” and discuss its investment consisting parts.
The concept “investments” was brought into the native economical science from the West. In the Soviet economical science they for a long time used in the place “investments” the termini “capital placement”, which expressed the usage of the industrial factors in the sphere of real industrial activities during realization of capital projects. From one glance, this termini in its concept is identical to the “investments”, consequently it is possible to use them as synonyms. Though the termini “investments” and “investing” have the advantage towards the termini “capital placement” from linguistic and philological points of view, because they are expressed with one word. This is not only economical and comfortable in the process of working with the termini “investment” itself, but also it gives an opportunity of termini formation. More concretely: “investment process”, “investment domain”, “finance-investment sphere” – all these termini are much more acceptable.
Changing native economical termini with foreign ones is purposeful, if it really matters (by keeping parallel usage of the native termini for the inheritance). Though we must not change native economical termini into foreign ones all together, when by ordinal traditional language easy to explain private and narrow concrete processes and elements get their own termini. The “movement” of these termini is approved in the narrow professional bounds, but their “spitting out” into the economical science may turn economical language into the tangled slang.
Let’s discuss termini – “investment” and “capital placement’s” usage in the economical literature.
Investments are placement of funds into the main and circulation capital for the purpose of getting profit. “Investments in material assets – are the placements of funds into the mobile and real estate (land, buildings, furniture and so on). Investments in financial assets are the placements of funds into the securities bank accounts and other financial instruments”.
We don’t meet with the termini “investments” in the earlier economical dictionary, but we meet the combined termini “investment policy” – the union of the industrial decisions, which guarantee main directions of the capital investments, the activities of their concentration in the determinant suburbs, on which the reaching of planned rates of development of the society production is depended, balancing and effectiveness, getting more and more production and profit of the national income for every lost Ruble”. For today, in the most actual definitions, the capital investments are bounded only by financial means, when not only financial, but also the investment of natural, material-technical and informational resources takes place. Labour resources take an actual place in the investment process. They themselves fulfill this or that investment process.
A positive side of the discussed definitions is that they connect investment policy and capital placements (investments):
- economical development according to the key directions to the concentration;
- providing high rates of economical growth;
- raising an economical effectiveness, which is expressed:
a) by growing the throw off of the production and national income for every lost Ruble;
b) by fulfilling the branch structure of the investments;
c) by improving their technological structure;
d) by optimization of their further production structure.
Compared with such definition of the investments (capital placement) the definition of investments in the dictionary attaching the “Economics” seems to be unimproved: “investments - the expenses of gathering production and industrial means and increasing material reserve”. In this definition current expenses (production expenses) are mixed with the investment (capital) expense. Also, not the investment expenses but (though the investments are followed by the appropriate expenses) exactly advancing. It differs from the expenses by that the means (means) are put by returning the advanced values, also, under the conditions of growth, to which the concept-advanced capital is corresponding. the advancing may be realized in the money, natural-material and informational forms.
Except the termini “investments”, there are two more termini related with the investment. They are shown below.
“Human capital investment” – any activity provided for rising the workers labour productivity (in the way of growing their qualification and developing their abilities); at the expenses of improving the workers’ education, health and raising the mobility of the working forces”. It is very useful to use the mentioned termini, though it needs one correction: the human capital investments do not concern only workers, but also the servants, representatives of every kind of labour.
“Investment commodity, capital goods – a capital.”
In the official manuals of political economy of the reformation time the capital investments are discussed as “expenses for creating new main funds and widening, reconstruction and renewing the active ones”. In this definition the investments (capital placements) during separation of the forms (types) of further production of the main funds are bounded only by main funds (without increases of the circulation funds and insurance reserves): a) creating new ones; b) widening; c) reconstruction; d) renewing. Also, the concept of the industrial gathering appears, at the expenses of widening of basic, circulation funds and also insurance reserves takes place”.
You’ll meet below the definitions of investments from “the course of economy”: the investments are called “placements of fund into the basic capital (basic means of production), reserves, also other economical objects and processes, which request long-termed influxing of material and cash means. “According to the division of capital into physical and money forms, the investments too must be divided into material and cash investments”.
They apportion investment commodity, to which belong industrial and nonindustrial building objects, vehicles purposed for changing or widened technical park and the furniture, increasing reserves and others.
“They call the total investments of production an investment product, which is directed towards keeping and increasing the basic capital (basic means) and reserve. Total investments consist of two parts. One of them is called the depreciation; it represents important investment resources for compensation of renewal till the level of before industrial usage, wearing out and repairing of the basic means. Second consisting part of the total investments is represented by net investments – capital investments for the purpose of increasing basic means”. Depreciation is not a compensation resource of wearing the basic funds out, but it is the purposeful financial source of such resources.
Human capital investment is “a specific kind of investments, mostly in education and health protection”.
“Real investments are the investments in the economical branches and also, they are kinds of economical activities, which provide influxing the increases of real capital, that is increasing material values of the industrial means”. We can agree with such definition with one specification that material and nonmaterial values too belong to the real capital (wealth), consequently science-researching experimental-construction results, various information, education of he workers and others. Such service as organization of the excitable games, also the service of redistribution social wealth from one private person to another (except charity).
“Financial investments represent placement of funds into the shares, obligations, promissory notes, other securities and instruments. Such investments, of course, do not give increases of the real material capital, but they help getting profit, consequently at the expenses of changing the course of the securities in the time of speculation, or distinguishing the course in different places of sell and purchasing”. We share wholly such definition, hence it follows that financial investments (if it is not followed by real investments as a result) do not increase real material wealth and real nonmaterial wealth. According to this context, the expression below is very important: “we must distinguish financial investments, which represent placement of the funds in the ways of selling and purchasing the securities for the purpose of getting profit and financial investments, which become cash and real, moved to real physical capital.”
In the “economical course” quoted before long and short-termed investments are separated. Recognizing the existence of the bounds between them, the authors ascribe short-termed investments to “one month or more” investments. If we get such conditioned criteria, that we can call the investments which overcome the terms of some months, long-termed ones, which is very doubtful and we don’t agree with it. A long-termed character of the fund placement is a significant feature of the investments (short-term doesn’t combine with the concept of investments). Principally, it would be better to point out quick compensative, middle termed compensative and long-termed compensative investments:
- less then 6 months – quick compensative;
- from 6 months up to the year and a half – middle termed compensative;
- more then the year and a half – long termed compensative.
We stopped at the definition of the investments in the capital work “economical course” for the special purpose, as, in it the author tried to discuss the concept of investments systemically and quite completely, herewith the book is published just now.
We’ll return to the discussion the definition economical category of “investments” in different publications in the following chapter. The definitions given here are quite enough for having a notion of the level of lighting up the given category in the economical literature.
What conclusions may be made according the definition of the mentioned economical category in the published works, except the made notions and specifications?
There is quite deeply, concretely and thoroughly defined the concept of “investments”, different definitions in the economical literature; but mostly in every works about the investments discussed by us until now, there is not opened the essence of investments as an economical category. In every monograph, even if it has a title investment, as an economical category, there is given only the definition, concept of investments. But, as the Academician Vasil Chantladze explains, “a concept is a discussion, which proves something about the distinguishing feature of the researched object. A concept out of much essential characteristic features represents only one, and essential in it is only - definition”.
But the categories are much wider; it is “a key, the most fundamental concept of every science”. Economical categories theoretically represent real, objectively existed productive relations. A category is the defining of occasions of existed characters, connections, relations of the objective world. Generally, any educational process is fulfilled by the categories, which give opportunities for dividing the processes and occasions semantically, for expressing the definitions of a subject and realize their specific peculiarities and economical relations of a material world.
Our goal is exactly to substantiate investments – as an economical category and also, as a financial category in the narrow understanding.
Here we apply for another manual thesis made by the academician Vasil Chantladze: “every financial relation is an economical one and every financial category is and economical one, but not every economical relation and economical category is financial relation and financial category”.
In the process of defining the investments, it is important to take in mind the sides of resources, expenses and incomes, because investment, from one side, is the result of the manufacture’s activity, and, from another one, - a part of income, which, in this case, is not used for usage.
Another occasion: it is advisable to discuss investments in two aspects: as a category of reserve and flow, which will reflect exactly the connection between “placement of funds” and “investments”.
As we’ve mentioned above, not long ago, in the well-known Soviet literature the concepts of “the placement of funds” and “investments” were accepted to be the synonyms and concerned to be investment of sources for further production of the main funds and formation of the turnover funds. We meet with such understanding of the concept of “investment” (here, they separate three types of the investment expenses: investments in the basic capital of investments, investments in the house building and investments in the reserves) in the modern economical publications and it is mostly used on the macro level during a statistical analyze of economical processes. In this concrete occasion investment is the category of reserve.
According to the aspect of flow the investments may be discussed in the process of analyzing industrial activity, when it is necessary to learn the variety of the economical relations related with the investments’ further production and formation, sources, objects and subjects, that is on the micro level.
Main distinguishing criteria of different methods of approach towards the concept of “investment” the aspect of prolonging of measuring this showing. Is it possible or not to measure the investment showing separate from the term factor (the norm of gathering, the volume of capital property, the reserves of production and so on). If it is possible, then it is the category of reserve, and if it is not, then it is measured in the section of time and belongs to the category of flow.
Thus, investment, as an economical category, is quite consuming concept. It concerns the elements defining the regularities of function and regulation of the investment domain, privately:
First, resources and values put into the industrial activity. Here, investments may be realized in the following ways:
1. mobile and real estates (buildings, constructions, furniture and other material values);
2. cash sources, purposeful bank accounts, credits, shares and other long-termed securities;
3. owners rights according to the author’s rights, licenses, Now-How, experience and other intellectual values;
4. the rights for using land and other natural resources, also other owners rights.
Notwithstanding any forms, investments are results of capital gathering. Leading investments – regularity of gathering defines its volume and dynamics and, generally, whole investment activity.
Second, the incomes ruling volume and dynamics of the resource investment. Herewith, we must underline the circumstance, that the process of getting profit, the regularity of its creation, isn’t a constant of the concept “investment”. The factors of production (also the conditions of exploitation of capital values) and selling (market conjuncture), also the process of capital gathering is the leading and important condition only for the investment formation. Though, we underline again, that the process of getting and distributing the income is a significant component of the investment activity.
The transformation of investments makes the basis for the investment activity, which concern the following circles: resources – investment (expense) – capital property – income. The practice of realization such circles of the investments transformation is exactly the investment activity (investing). The investment activity, except the investments itself, concern motivation and stimulation of the capital gathering, relations of capital gathering and ruling, also, totality of the defined level of profitability on the capital and the goals of capital growth.
According to the mentioned above, in the definitions of the investment as economical category sometimes the needed exactness and clearness is not felt, some categories of the wealth are represented tightly enough. For example, real prosperity is bounded only by material estimation. This leads us to the unvalued investment resources in the era of transformation industrial society into the investment one; also to the recognition of yet uninvolved valuable scientific researches in the production, securities turned into speculation objects, and unreal property in the consistence of one and the same parts; to there equalization. On the basis of the made analyses, we can cite a wide definition of the investments together with the leading categories.
Investment resources – are values, invested into this or that project in this or that kind for the purpose of getting profit beginning with material ones, finished with cash.
Kinds of the prosperity are equal to the kinds of the investment resources and is divided into real and cash, consequently into financial resources.
Real investment resources concern all kinds:
- natural resources;
- labour resources;
- material resources, the usage of which is possible in the economical development (buildings, constructions, vehicles and furniture, transport and communication means and so on;
- investment resources (in the widest understanding, that is from scientific-research and experimental-construction works, till the education potential of the society and till all kinds of gathering useful information, written about every possible, that is typing and electronic bearer).
Cash, consequently financial resources concern every cash means for usage in this way in definite conditions or directed in the sort of investments.
Cash means (resources) turn into the financial resources in the case of structuring of funds of purposeful destination foreseen for investments of this or that kind.
After defining investment resources we can make wide definition of the investments as economical category.
Investments – are the placements of real, financial and intellectual resources into the projects, the fulfillment of which leads us to getting the increases from real wealth, in the material and informational forms. It is followed by a cash (financial) prosperity or its increases (at the expenses of the distribution of the cash means).
As an economical category, investments express economical relations, which are created in the ways of using and formation of the investment resources between the participants of the investment process for the purpose of improving and widening of the enterprise.
Saturday, October 3, 2009
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Start the process immediately by calling toll free (800) 979-1942 or start online application now!
There are absolutely no credit requirements to apply for a personal payday loan. Virtually anyone can get approved. Here at Online Micro Loans we have made our application process instant. There are only two parts that take literally just a couple of minutes to fill out. You can get your approval instantly with a click of a button.
To make the instant approval process even simpler we have designed our service so that you have absolutely no documents to fax in. Everything that needs to be done during a payday loan process can be done online. Our no fax payday loan is absolutely the simplest personal payday loan process out there. We have friendly loan advocates and customer service representatives standing by, ready to assist you with your signature payday loan now. Start your instant personal payday loan application, it is as easy as 1, 2, 3!!!
Instant Approval for a Unsecured Cash Advance Loan
There is no hassle of waiting for an approval of your Unsecured Personal Payday Loan! You can get instant approval for your Unsecured Cash Advance Loan application online. Once your online payday loan application is approved, you will have your cash advance loan deposited into your account. A Unsecured Cash Advance Loan is simple, it is one of the best sources for getting money when in between paychecks. A Unsecured Cash Advance Loan is perfect, especially when your faced with unexpected expenses.
Start the process immediately by calling toll free (800) 979-1942 or start online application now!
There are absolutely no credit requirements to apply for a personal payday loan. Virtually anyone can get approved. Here at Online Micro Loans we have made our application process instant. There are only two parts that take literally just a couple of minutes to fill out. You can get your approval instantly with a click of a button.
To make the instant approval process even simpler we have designed our service so that you have absolutely no documents to fax in. Everything that needs to be done during a payday loan process can be done online. Our no fax payday loan is absolutely the simplest personal payday loan process out there. We have friendly loan advocates and customer service representatives standing by, ready to assist you with your signature payday loan now. Start your instant personal payday loan application, it is as easy as 1, 2, 3!!!
Logbook Loans - Without Credit Checks Fast Approval
Your car or a vehicle is not only a pleasure to drive, but is a tool to get a loan as well. And while you can take a loan against your whole car, there are still best options in the form of logbook loans that have been approved against the logbook of the car. The logbook loans are considered loans fast. This is because there is no minute assessment of the car involved in the logbook provides loans and the approval of almost instantaneous. Also credit problems are rarely an obstacle to the book loans.
The logbooks are essentially guaranteed loans and loans were approved against the logbook of the car from the borrower. The logbook is a crucial and the base document of car. The logbook of a car contains details of the holder as a vital vehicle, the owner of the vehicle being registered trademark, chassis number, engine number, model and color details on the vehicle, etc. being so important document of the car, just the lenders continue to detain for as long as the loan amount approved hand, it is completely returned. So, all you have to take a loan against your car is to offer its log book as security to the lender. In the meantime, you can go on your car as usual. The amount approved such loan book depends on the value of the car, less the amount owed to the car.
For a car owner, Log Book Loans are best suited if he has bad credit. That's because logbook loans were approved with no credit check on the borrower and the people are too poor credit loans approved book in a harmonious. However, before applying it to a lender, logbook each applicant borrowing should ensure that it meets certain requirements.
The lender must approve logbook loans only if the logbook is in the name of the borrower. The vehicle must be free of any payments due. So you have to eliminate all contributions to the vehicle before requesting loans logbook. Note that the vehicle must not be more than 8 years older and only then will its lender logbook as collateral. Also lenders prefer logbook provides loans on the insured vehicle. Proof of the borrower is also steady income that most lenders would like to see logbook for loan approval. So, make sure you have these requirements in place for the loan.
You can logbook source loans from various lending institutions, but for the speedy approval of the pros and prefer to apply to a lender online. You can find many providers logbook loans online to compare their conditions - conditions for a better understanding.
The logbooks are essentially guaranteed loans and loans were approved against the logbook of the car from the borrower. The logbook is a crucial and the base document of car. The logbook of a car contains details of the holder as a vital vehicle, the owner of the vehicle being registered trademark, chassis number, engine number, model and color details on the vehicle, etc. being so important document of the car, just the lenders continue to detain for as long as the loan amount approved hand, it is completely returned. So, all you have to take a loan against your car is to offer its log book as security to the lender. In the meantime, you can go on your car as usual. The amount approved such loan book depends on the value of the car, less the amount owed to the car.
For a car owner, Log Book Loans are best suited if he has bad credit. That's because logbook loans were approved with no credit check on the borrower and the people are too poor credit loans approved book in a harmonious. However, before applying it to a lender, logbook each applicant borrowing should ensure that it meets certain requirements.
The lender must approve logbook loans only if the logbook is in the name of the borrower. The vehicle must be free of any payments due. So you have to eliminate all contributions to the vehicle before requesting loans logbook. Note that the vehicle must not be more than 8 years older and only then will its lender logbook as collateral. Also lenders prefer logbook provides loans on the insured vehicle. Proof of the borrower is also steady income that most lenders would like to see logbook for loan approval. So, make sure you have these requirements in place for the loan.
You can logbook source loans from various lending institutions, but for the speedy approval of the pros and prefer to apply to a lender online. You can find many providers logbook loans online to compare their conditions - conditions for a better understanding.
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