How To Get A Bank Loan With Ease

If you are a first-time entrepreneur and you want to start your own business you are almost undoubtedly going to need a bank loan. Here are some tips on getting one.

You must realize that because you don't have a business ownership track record securing a bank loan will be an uphill battle. That doesn't mean you shouldn't try but don't expect the process to be a cake walk.

It wont be. Any bank will tell you that a small business loan has risk factors and that costs of servicing these smaller accounts are primarily responsible for their disinterest in offering a bank loan to an aspiring entrepreneur.

Your first time business bank loan can happen, however, and here are some ideas on how to increase your chances of getting that small business bank loan.

The first thing to remember is to think positive and assume you are entering that bank from a position of strength. Keep in mind that you are customer, not a beggar. Banks sell loans, you buy. For the most part those banks want and need your loan business and the loan officers are tasked with getting your business.

While it certainly is always a good idea to start with the bank that is familiar with you as a person - the one with which you've done business regularly - it is also important that you seek a bank that has underwritten loans for others in your industry and stays familiar with your industry. Look for banks that actively finance small businesses.

There are also banks whose specialty is government programs - participation by the government in funding or guaranteeing loans. Information on the latter would be readily available at your local Small Business Development Center of the Small Business Administration (SBA.)

Keep in mind, however, that no matter how dedicated to small business financing, the bank is going to ask for some fairly hefty collateral for your start up business.

Be prepared to prove to that bank loan officer that lending you and your new company money is not a high risk proposition.

Complete your loan application prior to arrival if you can, bring copies of three years of financial statements such as cash flow, testimonials from satisfied and returning customers, your business plan and a cover letter that spells out why you need the money and how your business is now thriving and will only do better with that bank loan funding.

If you are fully prepared to ask for that bank loan, no question should surprise you. While you should have the details in your business plan already, be prepared to talk about how much money your firm will need and for how long, and what the bank loan funding will be used for.

You ll need to talk about whether you are going to buy new equipment, supplies and assets, pay off some old bills, or spend it on operating expenses. You ll also need to show a well-thought-out and achievable repayment plan, with a payment schedule.

Two important points that should be made about your face to face bank loan interview are often discounted. The first is that you should dress professionally to meet the loan officer. Your garb should be that you would wear to meet a client. The other is that your documents should all be neat, easy to read, clear and clean.

Bank Loans - Necessary In Todays Material World?

The idea of a bank that loans out money to the public, totally metamorphosed the premise of ancient banks that stated that a bank was only a place to deposit money for safeguarding. Present day banks are synonymous with bank loans to such an extent that today practically every individual who has a bank account has a bank loan of some sort or the other.

It is improbable that in the present day and age anyone (unless born to money) has enough money lying around to make big ticket purchases like a flat or an apartment, without resorting to a bank loan.

Bank loans have attained the reputation of a necessity in to days scenario where temptations to own products are so great that one takes the recourse of a bank loan and in return enjoys the product or benefit from the appreciation of an asset purchased while paying backing installments. Be it an auto loan, a bank loan for a specific purpose or a home loan, present day banking system provides loans for practically anything and everything that one may want to own. Without these convenient bank loans lots of people would never been able to purchase that new car or a laptop or a home.

Factually, a bank home loan is similar to a mortgage with a collateral attached. The only matter of concern that remains is that one gets tied up for a long period and has to keep on paying interest on the loan.

With the passage of time, bank loans have become so versatile that there are bank loans for buying white goods, consumer goods like computers and even for repairs, renovations, marriages and celebrations. It is a case of you name it and that bank has it. There exist student loans too, where a bank advances money for studies with a condition of repayment after the student joins the mainstream and starts earning.

Broadly speaking, even credit cards are a form of a bank loan that you can repay and some banks even offer you loans to pay up other loans you may have taken in the past.

Bank loans issued to individuals for the purpose of housing probably out number other loans issued by banks. But they may not compare in volume or value to bank loans issued to businesses worldwide. Whether it is a small business operated out of the home or a large business that needs millions of dollars in order to tide over a cash flow problem or to acquire assets, bank loans issued to businesses far outstrip individual loans. In fact it will not be an exaggeration if one were to say that without bank loans the vast majority of business worldwide would collapse. Business in modern day thrives on the banking system and the investment, lending, finance and credit that it facilitates.

Big Profits From Currency Trading

If you want to make big profits from currency trading, you need to lock into and follow the longer-term trends.

“The art of contrary” thinking is one of the most powerful tools a trader can use, and is a trait with which all true great traders are familiar with.

What is the Art of Contrary Thinking?

Humphrey Neill’s book, "the art of contrary thinking,” the best known work on the subject, is based on a simple powerful idea that:

"When everybody thinks alike, everybody is likely to be wrong"

“The art of contrary” thinking consists in training your mind to ruminate in directions opposite to general public opinions; but basing your opinion in the light of current events and human behavior”.

Why Contrary Trading Works

By spotting situations when the consensus of a currency is either extremely bullish or bearish, means that a trend change is imminent, as it is likely the emotions of greed and fear have pushed prices too far away from true value.

If you can step aside from the crowd and take a contrary view at these turning points, you can make big currency trading profits. Contrary thinking can be used in any market and is highly effective in currencies.

Contrary thinking can be used to make really big currency trading profits and if used selectively, when markets are extremely over bought or oversold, you can be in right at the start of the trend for maximum profitability.

In any currency you look at - The Yen, Euro, British Pound Swiss Franc Canadian or Australian dollar and many others, there are always occasions where a currency trend in the news is forecast to continue, due to overwhelming evidence in its favor and it then promptly collapses!

Big profits from currency trading can therefore be made by using the art of contrary thinking when the market is extremely bullish or bearish.

Why? Because everyone who has bought has taken positions and there are no buyers left. Prices have moved away from fair value. When there is no more buying to enter the market, a trend change is imminent.

It is clear that to succeed and make big profits in currency trading you need to think independently of the majority at important market turning points.

You can make big profits in currency trading from trend following, but you can with a little practice spot potential turning points in currencies as well which will help you bank profits, tighten stops or open new trades right on the turn, for maximum profitability.

Contrary trading will not only make you big profits in currency trading but in ANY market and has worked for centuries, as human nature never changes.

A Balanced Banking System

Banking is a business like all others but customers these days seem at the mercy of whatever the lenders want to charge.

Yes, we can shop around but at the end of the day, they're all in it for profit, gained by ever fluctuating interest rates. They also take risks investing our money without our knowledge and we are susceptible to those investments failing.

However, with the diverse mix of cultures in every country these days it is not that unusual to see a different banking system coming into play.

The Shariah, or Sharia, system of finance has been set up by the Islamic community to comply with their strict laws on banking in accordance with the Qur'an. Sharia law covers all aspects of everyday living for the Muslim community.

Banking and finance are issues that are covered in depth, from personal finances to business banking. Working on a shared profit and loss system makes this system quite different to Western banking. This prevents the bank from monopolising the economy and is less risky to the borrower.

This way, the borrower is more secure, more businesses succeed, more money is borrowed, thus keeping the whole system afloat and everybody from borrower to lender benefits.

Sharia law prevents the collection and payment of interest. So, how do the banks make money?

If a Muslim wishes to utilise a loan to purchase items, the bank actually make the purchase and re-sell to the buyer for a profit that is agreed between the two parties. That profit is set without alteration and it is essential that it is very clear upon the agreement.

No extra charges can be enforced on this loan, even if payments are late. However, rights to the items purchased remain with the bank until the loan is paid in full.

The same principles apply to mortgages. The house is purchased by the bank and resold at an agreed profit to the buyer. Repayments are made in instalments but without the worry for late payment charges. However, a Muslim is expected to meet his repayments without taking advantage.

The land and property will be in the name of the buyer from the outset of the agreement for the security of the borrower but for protection the bank will ask for strict collateral.

As far as business banking is concerned, an individual can borrow interest free money to set up his own business. As with all loans an agreed profit is decided upon from the outset and repaid in instalments.

The borrower provides the labour while the bank provides the finance thus reflecting Islamic law of profit and loss sharing with no one party carrying all the burden of risk/cost of failure.

Money can be lent to businesses, whether existing or new. It is specified that the business must not contradict Muslim beliefs, such as the selling of alcohol or pork, or be involved in any media business which deals in gossip columns or pornography.

Business banking is not free and neither is there any interest imposed. Money is lent on a floating rate interest loan. This means the floating rate is dependent on the company's individual rate of return.

The banks profit on the loan is equal to a certain percentage of the company's profits - the profit sharing side of Sharia law. Once the original agreed amount has been repaid, the profit sharing arrangement ends.

So, money can be lent to businesses and it will be dependent on the individual business as to what the repayments will be. Therefore, any business can afford a loan.

Interest is not paid or collected on current accounts so overdrafts are not permitted. However, there is always the option of Hibah (Gift). This is a voluntary payment by a creditor or debtor in return for a loan. This is usually practiced in Islamic banking but is discretionary.

How Can Investing in Property Secure is you is A Better Life

Real estate investment in property is less volatile then investing in the share market. As your property grows in value, your capital grows and you also get good dividends. There is a growing demand for residential properties even in the suburbs due to the overly crowded cities. Investing in Residential Property has always been a good investment as it gives a sense of security to you and gives the option of getting good equity income from it. You can either have it as your dream home or you can opt for renting or leasing it out to get more dividends out of it.

There are usually two types of Investments in Residential Investments.

Self Occupied.
A self-occupied property generally yields returns after you sell it. The returns depend upon various property escalation factors like when you bought the property, when you sell it, what is the market rate is, the scope for development of the area and others. You don’t get dividends from this, but the net profit through selling after some time would be great.

To Be Leased out
When you lease out, the returns typically vary from 5% - 7% annually only on the basis of rent received per year. The property escalation factors play a vital role here also. With a lot of multinational companies, foreigners, banks etc in the market it is very easy to buy an apartment and lease the same out.

Usually in residential property investment, the strategy is to buy the property in the suburbs, rather than the expensive urban area, and in due course of time sell it when the rate increases. There are a lot of property escalation factors like commercial development of that area, migration of a large number of people due to overly crowded city areas, industrial expansion, accessibility through transportation, availability of essential services like hospitals nearby and others which could increase the rate of your residential property. So, it is always a wise option to invest judiciously in residential property.

What is Professional Indemnity Insurance? an Easy to Understand Guide

Professional Indemnity Insurance (PI) is difficult to comprehend. However, I've devised a guide to make professional indemnity insurance simple.



What is Professional Indemnity Insurance?
Professional Indemnity Insurance is a form of business insurance for professionals who are in industries where others may rely on their professional advice. By being regarded as an 'expert' in a field, others may seek legal action against you if they suffer a loss from your professional advice.

For example, if you are an accountant and are responsible for preparing and lodging your client's tax returns, a failure to lodge the tax returns on time can result in interest and penalties for your client. Your client could take legal action against you for a breach of your professional duty.

Professional Indemnity Insurance may protect you from such action by covering claims made against you, including legal defense costs up to your specified amount of cover, and after taking into account your excess (of course, you would need to look at your policy wording to look at what specifically is covered).

Why Do People Hate Thinking About Professional Indemnity Insurance?
Professional Indemnity Insurance forms the largest percentage of your business insurance expenses. Typically, Professional Indemnity Insurance is a time-consuming process taking up to 12 weeks. Again, it's expensive and most people don't know if they are getting the best deal.

This is where companies like BizCover steps in to satisfy your Professional Indemnity Insurance needs. BizCover allows you to get live online quotes in under 2 minutes, and purchase in only a couple more. BizCover also allows business professionals to compare policies from leading insurance providers (AIG, Dual and Vero) to make sure that you're getting the cover you need. By staying online, you are also benefiting from reduced pricing and costs.

Wild Parties and the Bank of England

Mervyn King, Governor of the Bank of England, is normally noted for his restrained and diplomatic language in statements concerning interest rates and the general performance of the UK economy.

However, this reserve and restraint appears to be changing. During the Northern Rock banking crisis in the summer of 2007, he justified his reluctance to intervene and save the bank by reference to 'moral hazard'. By this he meant that banks, like every other private sector organisation, should be subject to normal commercial forces. If the directors act wisely, the bank will grow and prosper. If they act foolishly, they will make losses and risk takeover or even bankruptcy.

Several commentators made light of his remarks and suggested that he may have been visiting lap dancing clubs frequented by younger City traders. The amusing comments lasted for several weeks, but before the story ended, the Governor had performed a spectacular U turn. The threat of moral hazard had been overshadowed by the lines of depositors outside Northern Rock branches who were waiting to withdraw their funds.

The Chancellor of the Exchequer, Alistair Darling, described the action of depositors as irrational and felt obliged to stop the panic by guaranteeing all deposits at Northern Rock. The bank was subsequently nationalised or taken into public ownership.

In the US, the pattern was repeated. On the one hand, the Fed wished to respect market forces and let poor performing banks fail, but at the same time was mindful of the wider implications of such failures.

Eight banks have been closed in the US during 2008 by state and national regulators. The most significant casualty being Indy Mac of Pasadena, California and this was the second largest collapse in US banking history. Although, the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation is expecting to payout some US$ 7 billion to depositors, this will only cover the first US$ 100,000 of each account. It is estimated that some 30,000 of Indy Mac's customers have deposits in excess of this guaranteed sum.

However, the Fed has not implemented this policy across the board. When the investment bank, Bear Stearns, was in trouble, the Fed quickly arranged for JP Morgan to take over the bank. The irony is that Bear Stearns did not hold the life savings of small depositors, but managed investments for corporations and wealthy speculators. The Fed felt that Bear Stearns was simply too big to fail and that its dealings were complex. The failure of Bear Stearns would lead to a contagion and drag many other large players to the brink. The international dimension of Bear operations, also meant that the global standing of all US financial institutions would be adversely affected.

The action by the Fed has drawn criticism from many quarters. It has bailed out an investment bank which managed funds for wealthy clients and has let a bank which specialised in mortgage lending fail. This sounds like public support for the wealthy and privileged while poorer people have to face the cold wind of capitalism.

Both the Bank of England and the Fed are trying to devise prudent and coherent policies in response to criticism and public concern. This is an urgent process as the fallout of the credit crunch is far from over and other banks remain fragile.

The behaviour of banks during the years of easy credit was akin to herd instinct behaviour. Financial derivatives, based on the packaging of US sub prime mortgages were popular bank investments. They were also given top ratings by agencies such as Standard & Poor's and Moody's.

However, these rating were flawed. The imaginative and complex way in which mortgage debt was sliced, diced and repackaged meant that credit rating became based on guesses and not hard facts. When these ratings were downgraded the repercussions were immediate and significant. For example, the UK buy-to-let mortgage lender, Bradford & Bingley, suffered a serious reversal when Moody's revised its rating. This led TPG, formerly Texas Pacific Capital, to withdraw from the proposed purchase of 23% of the bank's shares.

Mervyn King, in a speech on 10 June 2008, commented on the increasingly risky behaviour of banks. He said 'If banks feel they must keep on dancing while the music is playing and that at the end of the party the central bank will make sure everyone gets home safely, then over time the parties will become wider and wilder.'

If the adverse effects were limited to hangovers by party-goers, this may be of little consequence. But when the party ends, unfortunate and innocent people have their houses repossessed and some elderly folk lose their life's savings.

Not only are banks cushioned against the implications of disastrous investments, their top management seem to be immune from criticism. In the UK, Sir Fred Goodwin, Chief Executive of RBS defended his position after his bank revealed a GBP 5.9bn loss while Michael Geoghegan of HSBC, after indicating a possible US$ 6bn loss, asked shareholders for 3 years to sort matters out.

At the same time, all major banks are calling in loans to small and medium size business in an effort to boost their cash holdings. These loans can be called in on demand and the borrower does not need to default before this takes place. This action understandably causes outrage in the wider business community and will lead many small firms into bankruptcy.

The problem of bank failures and public bailouts is now a matter of serious concern. The party is indeed over, and the party goers are back in the office actively foreclosing on mortgages and calling in loans to small companies. The challenge is too great for the Bank of England and the Fed to handle without direction and support from their respective governments.

Research Report on Chinese Private Banking Market, 2009

Private banking is derived from Swiss, specialized in the fortune management business of providing special financial services, promoting the cooperative value between commercial banks and customers and prolonging customer relationship value chains. The concept of private banking came out in China after 2005. In September, 2005, Swiss Friends Bank Co Ltd started its business in Shanghai and brought the concept of private banking to Chinese market. Since 2007, the profits of private banking were ten fold of other retail business. Therefore, more and more domestic banks began to involve in the private banking.



In recent years, many banks announced to set up their private banking centers. It is without doubt for these banks to occupy some rich men gathering places as their focuses, such as Beijing, Shanghai and Shenzhen etc. The customers of private banks from China Merchants Bank Co., Ltd grew by 35% than that in 2008. Compared with less than 0.02% private banking customers in the whole customers of China Merchants Bank Co., Ltd, the total assets of private banks accounted for more than 10%, the highest level in all commercial banks. The private banking of China CITIC Bank also rose fast in 2008. Now its customers of private banking are two thousand. The condition of private bank in China Merchants Bank Co., Ltd is 10 million Yuan (1.46 million USD), but China CITIC Bank is 8 million Yuan (1.16 million USD).



In 2007, Chinese private banking rose. Chinese funded banks mainly concluded Bank of China, China Merchants Bank Co., Ltd, Industrial and Commercial Bank of China Ltd, China CITIC Bank, Bank of Communications, Construction Bank of China and China Minsheng Bank etc. The foreign funded banks concluded Hong Kong and Shanghai Banking Corporation Limited

, Citi Bank, Bank of East Asia, Deutsche Bank Group, Swiss Friends Bank Co Ltd, BNP Paribas, Standard Chartered Bank and Edmond de Rothschild.



Chinese private banks are mainly located in the economically developed areas, such as Shanghai, Beijing and Shenzhen etc. foreign funded banks are in Shanghai and Beijing. Some Chinese funded banks, because of its local advantages, also set their private banks in big cities with huge customer potential, their business spreading a wide area.



By the end of 2008, Chinese millionaires were about 0.5 to 1 million. The reason for uncertain numbers is that Chinese millionaires were accustomed to investment in real estate, such as living houses and shops etc. they expected to benefit from revaluation in real estate, so the numbers fluctuated sharply. The definition of millionaire is that individual floating assets are more than one million USD Except housing.



The global financial crisis, stemmed from the sharp decline of American real estate market, seriously stroke the large European and American banks. Although most private banks escaped from direct hit, they were influenced by the financial fluctuation. The crisis made some investors to transfer their investment to more conservative products, leading to the profit reduction in some private banks.



Taking consideration of the infancy of local financial market, many riches are preferential to manage their fortunes offshore in previous Chinese emerging market. The foreign funded banks occupy the most part of market share. The occurrence of financial crisis makes Asia especially China become the minimal negative influential country and the safest market. In the future, Chinese rich families are even preferential to invest at home, which brings huge development opportunities for Chinese private banking.



In the developed countries, the success of private banking is inseparable with politics, society, economy and law, such as steady currency value, natural advantages of tax rate, long financial history, prosperity in financial market, steady bank systems, sound legal and confidential systems and massive rich experienced financial talents.



By contrast, Chinese private banking market, with huge market potential, needs perfection of supporting infrastructure in its infancy. Chinese private banking market mainly faces the following problems: strictly supervision of finance and the adoption of separate supervises models is unfavorable to the promotion of various businesses; Underdevelopment of financial market (regardless of business tools or means); lack of strong investment bank supports; shortage of necessary systems and organizational structures of private banks.



From the part of Chinese private banking, international financial crisis is not only strikes but also opportunities, on the one hand, the slowdown risk existence in the private banking market, on the other hand, the development opportunities of organizations and talents transferring to Chinese market.



As a whole, Chinese private banking market is still in its infancy and hugely demanded for customers. In two to three years, Chinese private banking market will rise explosively.



The author of this report made a profound investigation and investigation of Chinese private banking, and then wrote this report. Readers can obtain more following information:

- Present situations of Chinese private banking

- Analysis on the market demands of Chinese private banking

- Analysis on the foreign funded banks with private banking in China

- Analysis on the local banks with private banking in China

- Analysis on the factors affecting the development of Chinese private banking

- Analysis on the development trends of Chinese private banking

- Analysis on the influences of international financial crisis on Chinese private banking

A Study the Strategies Issue in Indian Banking Sector

A banking company in India has been defined in the banking companies act,1949.as one “which transacts the business of banking which means the accepting, for the purpose of lending or investment of deposits of money from the public, repayable on demand or otherwise and withdraw able by cheque, draft, order or otherwise.” Most of the activities a Bank performs are derived from the above definition. In addition, Banks are allowed to perform certain activities which are ancillary to this business of accepting deposits and lending. A bank's relationship with the public, therefore, revolves around accepting deposits and lending money. Another activity which is assuming increasing importance is transfer of money - both domestic and foreign - from one place to another. This activity is generally known as "remittance business" in banking parlance. The so called forex (foreign exchange) business is largely a part of remittance albeit it involves buying and selling of foreign currencies.

Functioning of a Bank is among the more complicated of corporate operations. Since Banking involves dealing directly with money, governments in most countries regulate this sector rather stringently. In India, the regulation traditionally has been very strict and in the opinion of certain quarters, responsible for the present condition of banks, where NPAs are of a very high order. The process of financial reforms, which started in 1991, has cleared the cobwebs somewhat but a lot remains to be done. The multiplicity of policy and regulations that a Bank has to work with makes its operations even more complicated, sometimes bordering on illogical. This section, which is also intended for banking professional, attempts to give an overview of the functions in as simple manner as possible. Banking Regulation Act of India, 1949 defines Banking as "accepting, for the purpose of lending or investment of deposits of money from the public, repayable on demand or otherwise and withdraw able by cheques, draft, and order or otherwise."

KINDS OF BANKS

Financial requirements in a modern economy are of a diverse nature, distinctive variety and large magnitude. Hence, different types of banks have been instituted to cater to the varying needs of the community. Banks in the organized sector can be classified in to the following

1. COMMERCIAL BANKS:-

Commercial banks are joint stock companies dealing in money and credit. In India, however there is a mixed banking system, prior to July 1969, all the commercial banks-73 scheduled and 26 non-scheduled banks, except the state bank of India and its subsidiaries-were under the control of private sector. On July 19, 1969, however, 14Major commercial banks with deposits of over 50 Corers were nationalized. In April 1980, another six commercial banks of high standing were taken over by the government.

2. CO-OPERATIVE BANKS:-

Co-operative banks are a group of financial institutions organized under the provisions of the Co-operative societies Act of the states. The main objective of co-operative banks is to provide cheap credits to their members. They are based on the principle of self-reliance and mutual co-operation. Co-operative banking system in India has the shape of a pyramid a three tier structure, constituted by:



3. SPECIALIZED BANKS:-

There are specialized forms of banks catering to some special needs with this unique nature of activities. Foreign exchange banks, Industrial banks, Development banks, Land development banks, Exim bank are important.

4. CENTRAL BANK:-

A central bank is the apex financial institution in the banking and financial system

of a country. It is regarded as the highest monetary authority in the country. It acts as the leader of the money market. It supervises, control and regulates the activities of the commercial banks. It is a service oriented financial institution. India’s central bank is the reserve bank of India established in 1935.and it was nationalized in 1949.It is free from parliamentary control.

ROLE OF BANKS IN A DEVELOPING ECONOMY

Banks play a very important and dynamic role in the economic life of every modern state. A study of the economic history of western country shows that without the evolution of commercial banks in the 18th and 19th centuries, the industrial revolution would not have taken place in Europe. The economic importance of commercial banks to the developing countries may be viewed thus:

Finance and Financial Planning

Finance means providing funds for business or it is a branch of economics which also refers to the concepts of time,money,risk and other assets. In a Business management, finance is a most important characteristic as business and finance are interrelated. One can achieve its goal by choosing the correct financial instruments. Financial planning is essential for both the individual and an organization to ensure a secure future.

Personal financial decisions may involve paying for education, insurance policies, and income tax management, investing and savings accounts. Personal finance is used to avoid burden and life become enjoyable, if getting it from a right source at minimum cost. Personal loan is also a part of personal finance.

Financial planning is very important in business to achieve its objectives. In general, payment plans available under an insurance premium finance arrangement consist of a down payment followed by equal, monthly installments. The amount of down payment required, as well as the number of installments to be paid by the insured, may vary depending on the underlying insurance policy terms and conditions, the nature of the insured’s business and the credit worthiness of the insured. The complete terms of the premium finance loan, including the payment schedule and interest rate charged, are reflected on the finance contract.

Small business finance is a stepping stone for all small businesses. With small business finance borrower can minimize the difficulty of funds that the borrower comes across during the business. There are two main types of finance available to small business. They are Debt Finance and Equity Finance. In Debt Finance, the borrower has to repay the principal and interest where as Equity Finance is a time consuming process. The source of equity finance may be through a joint venture, private investors.

Professionals in corporate finance assist organizations invest money to run the business and grow the business. Theses specialists work to support and expand business operations. Online has proved to be a simple and the fast method of acquiring the small business finance. The small business finance borrower must not forget to compare the quotes of different lenders in respect to repayment period, lower interest rate, and the loaned amount.

Vendor program arrangement is a kind of financing arrangement in which finance is offered to the customers as a sales, marketing & deal closing tool. Country, state, city or municipality finance is called public finance. It is concerned with the budgeting process.

Each type of company requires a unique way of marketing depending on what kind of focus they have for their company. Advertising a company is purely based on the products. Making the plan and getting the overview is not enough. Company needs to put the plan into action and follow it up and evaluate it periodically.

International finance is the branch of economics that studies the dynamics of exchange rate,foreign investment, and how these affect international trade. It also studies international projects, international investments and capital flows, and trade deficits. It includes the study of futures, options and currency swaps. Together with international trade theory, international finance is also a branch of international economics.

Finance, Credit, Investments-modern Interpretation

Finance, Credit, Investments - Economical Categories. Modern Interpretation



Scientific works in the theories of finances and credit, according to the specification of the research object, are characterized to be many-sided and many-leveled.

The definition of totality of the economical relations formed in the process of formation, distribution and usage of finances, as money sources is widely spread. For example, in “the general theory of finances” there are two definitions of finances:

1) “…Finances reflect economical relations, formation of the funds of money sources, in the process of distribution and redistribution of national receipts according to the distribution and usage”. This definition is given relatively to the conditions of Capitalism, when cash-commodity relations gain universal character;

2) “Finances represent the formation of centralized ad decentralized money sources, economical relations relatively with the distribution and usage, which serve for fulfillment of the state functions and obligations and also provision of the conditions of the widened further production”. This definition is brought without showing the environment of its action. We share partly such explanation of finances and think expedient to make some specification.

First, finances overcome the bounds of distribution and redistribution service of the national income, though it is a basic foundation of finances. Also, formation and usage of the depreciation fund which is the part of financial domain, belongs not to the distribution and redistribution of the national income (of newly formed value during a year), but to the distribution of already developed value.

This latest first appears to be a part of value of main industrial funds, later it is moved to the cost price of a ready product (that is to the value too) and after its realization, and it is set the depression fund. Its source is taken into account before hand as a depression kind in the consistence of the ready products cost price.

Second, main goal of finances is much wider then “fulfillment of the state functions and obligations and provision of conditions for the widened further production”. Finances exist on the state level and also on the manufactures and branches’ level too, and in such conditions, when the most part of the manufactures are not state.

V. M. Rodionova has a different position about this subject: “real formation of the financial resources begins on the stage of distribution, when the value is realized and concrete economical forms of the realized value are separated from the consistence of the profit”. V. M. Rodionova makes an accent of finances, as distributing relations, when D. S. Moliakov underlines industrial foundation of finances. Though both of them give quite substantiate discussion of finances, as a system of formation, distribution and usage of the funds of money sources, that comes out of the following definition of the finances: “financial cash relations, which forms in the process of distribution and redistribution of the partial value of the national wealth and total social product, is related with the subjects of the economy and formation and usage of the state cash incomes and savings in the widened further production, in the material stimulation of the workers for satisfaction of the society social and other requests”.

In the manuals of the political economy we meet with the following definitions of finances:

“Finances of the socialistic state represent economical (cash) relations, with the help of which, in the way of planned distribution of the incomes and savings the funds of money sources of the state and socialistic manufactures are formed for guaranteeing the growth of the production, rising the material and cultural level of the people and for satisfying other general society requests”.

“The system of creation and usage of necessary funds of cash resources for guarantying socialistic widened further production represent exactly the finances of the socialistic society. And the totality of economical relations arisen between state, manufactures and organizations, branches, regions and separate citizen according to the movement of cash funds make financial relations”.

As we’ve seen, definitions of finances made by financiers and political economists do not differ greatly.

In every discussed position there are:

1) expression of essence and phenomenon in the definition of finances;

2) the definition of finances, as the system of the creation and usage of funds of cash sources on the level of phenomenon.

3) Distribution of finances as social product and the value of national income, definition of the distributions planned character, main goals of the economy and economical relations, for servicing of which it is used.

If refuse the preposition “socialistic” in the definition of finances, we may say, that it still keeps actuality. We meet with such traditional definitions of finances, without an adjective “socialistic”, in the modern economical literature. We may give such an elucidation: “finances represent cash resources of production and usage, also cash relations appeared in the process of distributing values of formed economical product and national wealth for formation and further production of the cash incomes and savings of the economical subjects and state, rewarding of the workers and satisfaction of the social requests”. in this elucidation of finances like D. S. Moliakov and V. M. Rodionov’s definitions, following the traditional inheritance, we meet with the widening of the financial foundation. They concern “distribution and redistribution of the value of created economical product, also the partial distribution of the value of national wealth”. This latest is very actual, relatively to the process of privatization and the transition to privacy and is periodically used in practice in different countries, for example, Great Britain and France.

“Finances – are cash sources, financial resources, their creation and movement, distribution and redistribution, usage, also economical relations, which are conditioned by intercalculations between the economical subjects, movement of cash sources, money circulation and usage”.

“Finances are the system of economical relations, which are connected with firm creation, distribution and usage of financial resources”.We meet with absolutely innovational definitions of finances in Z. Body and R. Merton’s basis manuals. “Finance – it is the science about how the people lead spending `the deficit cash resources and incomes in the definite period of time. The financial decisions are characterized by the expenses and incomes which are 1) separated in time, and 2) as a rule, it is impossible to take them into account beforehand neither by those who get decisions nor any other person”. “Financial theory consists of numbers of the conceptions… which learns systematically the subjects of distribution of the cash resources relatively to the time factor; it also considers quantitative models, with the help of which the estimation, putting into practice and realization of the alternative variants of every financial decisions take place”.

These basic conceptions and quantitative models are used at every level of getting financial decisions, but in the latest definition of finances, we meet with the following doctrine of the financial foundation: main function of the finances is in the satisfaction of the people’s requests; the subjects of economical activities of any kind (firms, also state organs of every level) are directed towards fulfilling this basic function.

For the goals of our monograph, it is important to compare well-known definitions about finances, credit and investment, to decide how and how much it is possible to integrate the finances, investments and credit into the one total part.

Some researcher thing that credit is the consisting part of finances, if it is discussed from the position of essence and category. The other, more numerous group proves, that an economical category of credit exists parallel to the economical category of finances, by which it underlines impossibility of the credit’s existence in the consistence of finances.

N. K. Kuchukova underlined the independence of the category of credit and notes that it is only its “characteristic feature the turned movement of the value, which is not related with transmission of the loan opportunities together with the owners’ rights”.

N. D. Barkovski replies that functioning of money created an economical basis for apportioning finances and credit as an independent category and gave rise to the credit and financial relations. He noticed the Gnoseological roots of science in money and credit, as the science about finances has business with the research of such economical relations, which lean upon cash flow and credit.

Let’s discuss the most spread definitions of credit. in the modern publications credit appeared to be “luckier”, then finances. For example, we meet with the following definition of credit in the finance-economical dictionary: “credit is the loan in the form of cash and commodity with the conditions of returning, usually, by paying percent. Credit represents a form of movement of the loan capital and expresses economical relations between the creditor and borrower”.

This is the traditional definition of credit. In the earlier dictionary of the economy we read: “credit is the system of economical relations, which is formed while the transmission of cash and material means into the temporal usage, as a rule under the conditions of returning and paying percent”.

In the manual of the political economy published under reduction of V. A. Medvedev the following definition is given: “credit, as an economical category, expresses the created relations between the society, labour collective and workers during formation and usage of the loan funds, under the terms of paying present and returning, during transmission of sources for the temporal usage and accumulation”.Credit is discussed in the following way in the earlier education-methodological manuals of political economy: “credit is the system of money relations, which is created in the process of using and mobilization of temporarily free cash means of the state budget, unions, manufactures, organizations and population. Credit has an objective character. It is used for providing widened further production of the state and other needs. Credit differs from finances by the returning character, while financing of manufactures and organizations by the state is fulfilled without this condition”.

We meet with the following definition if “the course of economy”: “credit is an economical category, which represents relations, while the separate industrial organizations or persons transmit money means to each-other for temporal usage under the conditions of returning. Creation of credit is conditioned by a historical process of fulfilling the economical and money relations, the form of which is the money relation”.

Following scientists give slightly different definitions of credit:

“Credit – is a loan in the form of money or commodity, which is given to the borrower by a creditor under the conditions of returning and paying the percentage rate by the borrower”.

Credit is giving the temporally free money sources or commodity as a debt for the defined terms by the price of fixed percentage. Thus, a credit is the loan in the form of money or commodity. In the process of this loan’s movement, a definite relations are formed between a creditor (the loan is given by a juridical of physical person, who gives certain cash as a debt) and the debtor.

Combining every definition named above, we come to an idea, that credit is giving money capital of commodity as a debt, for certain terms and material provision under the price of firm percentage rate. It expresses definite economical relations between the participants of the process of capital formation. Necessity of the credit relations is conditioned, from one side, by gathering solid quantity of temporarily free money sources, and from the second side, existence of requests of them.

Though, at the same time we must distinguish two resembling concepts: loan and credit. Loan is characterized by:

· Here, the discussion may touch upon transmission of money and also things form one side (loaner) to another (borrower): a)under the owning of the borrower and, at the same time, b) under the conditions of returning same amount or same quantity and quality of the things;

· The loaning of money may bear no interest;

· Any person may take part in it.

With the difference with loan, credit, which is somehow a private occasion of the loan, represents:

· One side (loaner) gives to the second one (borrower) only money, and _ for temporal usage;

· It may not bear no interest (if the assignment doesn’t foresee something);

· In it creditor is not any person, but a credit organization (at the first place, banks).

So, a credit is the bank credit. To our mind, it is not correct to use “credit” and “loan” as the synonyms.

Banking crediting is the union of relations between bank (as a creditor) and its borrower. These relations touch upon:

a) Giving a certain amount of money to the borrower for definite purpose (though, we meet with the so-called free credits, aims and objects of crediting are not appointed in the assignment);

b) Its opportune returning;

c) Getting percentage rate from the borrower for using the sources under his/her disposal.

The essential foundation of the credit essence and its important element is existence of trust between the two sides (in Latin “credo”, from which comes the word “credit”, means “trust”).

From the position of circulation of money forms (in the abstraction, historical process of formation economical relations and social budget and banking systems expressed by them) comparing different definitions of finances and credit, the paradox conclusion appears: credit is the private occasion of finances. And truly, from the position of movement of the money forms, finances represent the process of formation and usage of the funds of cash means. Very often such movements are fulfilled without returning, but sometimes, it is possible to give loans from the budget for the investment projects of other needs. Also, when a manufacture or corporations use their cash funds and we mean the finances of industrial subject, such usage may be realized as inside the manufacture or corporation (there is no subject about returning or not returning of the usage), so gratis under conditions of returning. This latest is called commercial form because of transmitting the sources to others, but even in this occasion, it is the element of financial system of the manufacture and corporation.

From the point of cash means movement, main character of credit is the process of formation and usage of the funds of cash means under the conditions of returning and, as a rule, taking the value-percentage. If gating the credit value doesn’t take place (even in the exceptional occasions), according to the movement form, credit becomes a private occasion of finances, as from the net financial funds (consequently from the state budget) the loans which bear no interests may be used. If gating credit value takes place, by the appearance form, credit is discussed to be financial modification.

From the historical point of view, finances (especially in the sort of the state budget) and credit (beginning with usury, later commercial and banking) were developing differently for considering credit to be the part of finances. Though, from the genetic-historical point of view, previous loaners, before giving loan, needed gathering the permanent capital not returning, that is the net financial foundation. The banks analogously needed concentration of the important own capital for in fluxing the consumers’ means and for getting higher percentage rate under the conditions of returning. Herewith, exactly on the financial basis, in the sort of financial fund (which later partially becomes loan fund) part of the bank capital appears to be the reservation (insurance) part of the fund, which by nature is financial and not loan. So notwithstanding the essential distinctions between finances and credit form the genetic-historical point of view, credit appears to be formed from finances and represent their modification.

From the essential position of expressing economical relations of finances and credit, we meet with cardinal distinctions between these two categories. Which mostly expressed by the distinction of the movement forms notwithstanding they are returnable or not. Finances express relations in the aspects of distribution and redistribution of social product and part of the national wealth. Credit expresses distribution of the appropriate value only in the section of percentage given for loan, while according to the loan itself, a only a temporal distribution of money sources takes place.

Herewith, there is a lot of common between the finances and credit as from the essential point of view, so according to the form of movement. At the same time, there is a significant distinction between finances and credit as in the essence, so in the form too. According to this, there must be a kind of generally economical category, which will consider finances and credit as a total unity, and in the bounds of this category itself, the separation of the specific essence of the finances and credit would take place.

Funding of the cash means is common to the researched economical categories. It takes place in any separate system of finances and credit, which have been touched upon during the analyses of defining finances and credit. Word combination “funding of the cash sources (fund formation)” reflects and defines exactly essence and form of economical category of more general character, those of finances and credit categories. Though in the in economical texts and practice, it is very uncomfortable to use a termini, which consists of three words. Also, “unloading” with an information hardens greatly its influxing into the circulation even in the conditions of its strict substantiation and thoroughness.

In the discussing context we consider:

1) wide and narrow understanding of economical category of the finances;

2) discussing finances in narrow understanding under general traditional meaning;

3) discussing finances, as funding of the cash means, in wide understanding, which concerns finances – in narrow meaning and credit – in complete meaning.

Termini “funding” and its equivalent “fund formation” are used by us as the purposeful structuring of cash means, which is based on two poles – accumulation of money sources (gathering) and its usage for definite purpose in the way of financing and crediting.

We have established a new termini – “finance-investment sphere” (FIS). Analyses about interrelation of finances and credit made by us give us an opportunity of proving, that in the given termini, the word “financial” is used with the meaning of funding cash sources, its purposeful structuring. In this process we consider at the same time financial, credit and investments’ economical categories.

Let’s sum up middle results of discussing new concept – “finance-investment sphere” and discuss its investment consisting parts.

The concept “investments” was brought into the native economical science from the West. In the Soviet economical science they for a long time used in the place “investments” the termini “capital placement”, which expressed the usage of the industrial factors in the sphere of real industrial activities during realization of capital projects. From one glance, this termini in its concept is identical to the “investments”, consequently it is possible to use them as synonyms. Though the termini “investments” and “investing” have the advantage towards the termini “capital placement” from linguistic and philological points of view, because they are expressed with one word. This is not only economical and comfortable in the process of working with the termini “investment” itself, but also it gives an opportunity of termini formation. More concretely: “investment process”, “investment domain”, “finance-investment sphere” – all these termini are much more acceptable.

Changing native economical termini with foreign ones is purposeful, if it really matters (by keeping parallel usage of the native termini for the inheritance). Though we must not change native economical termini into foreign ones all together, when by ordinal traditional language easy to explain private and narrow concrete processes and elements get their own termini. The “movement” of these termini is approved in the narrow professional bounds, but their “spitting out” into the economical science may turn economical language into the tangled slang.

Let’s discuss termini – “investment” and “capital placement’s” usage in the economical literature.

Investments are placement of funds into the main and circulation capital for the purpose of getting profit. “Investments in material assets – are the placements of funds into the mobile and real estate (land, buildings, furniture and so on). Investments in financial assets are the placements of funds into the securities bank accounts and other financial instruments”.

We don’t meet with the termini “investments” in the earlier economical dictionary, but we meet the combined termini “investment policy” – the union of the industrial decisions, which guarantee main directions of the capital investments, the activities of their concentration in the determinant suburbs, on which the reaching of planned rates of development of the society production is depended, balancing and effectiveness, getting more and more production and profit of the national income for every lost Ruble”. For today, in the most actual definitions, the capital investments are bounded only by financial means, when not only financial, but also the investment of natural, material-technical and informational resources takes place. Labour resources take an actual place in the investment process. They themselves fulfill this or that investment process.

A positive side of the discussed definitions is that they connect investment policy and capital placements (investments):

- economical development according to the key directions to the concentration;

- providing high rates of economical growth;

- raising an economical effectiveness, which is expressed:

a) by growing the throw off of the production and national income for every lost Ruble;

b) by fulfilling the branch structure of the investments;

c) by improving their technological structure;

d) by optimization of their further production structure.

Compared with such definition of the investments (capital placement) the definition of investments in the dictionary attaching the “Economics” seems to be unimproved: “investments - the expenses of gathering production and industrial means and increasing material reserve”. In this definition current expenses (production expenses) are mixed with the investment (capital) expense. Also, not the investment expenses but (though the investments are followed by the appropriate expenses) exactly advancing. It differs from the expenses by that the means (means) are put by returning the advanced values, also, under the conditions of growth, to which the concept-advanced capital is corresponding. the advancing may be realized in the money, natural-material and informational forms.

Except the termini “investments”, there are two more termini related with the investment. They are shown below.

“Human capital investment” – any activity provided for rising the workers labour productivity (in the way of growing their qualification and developing their abilities); at the expenses of improving the workers’ education, health and raising the mobility of the working forces”. It is very useful to use the mentioned termini, though it needs one correction: the human capital investments do not concern only workers, but also the servants, representatives of every kind of labour.

“Investment commodity, capital goods – a capital.”

In the official manuals of political economy of the reformation time the capital investments are discussed as “expenses for creating new main funds and widening, reconstruction and renewing the active ones”. In this definition the investments (capital placements) during separation of the forms (types) of further production of the main funds are bounded only by main funds (without increases of the circulation funds and insurance reserves): a) creating new ones; b) widening; c) reconstruction; d) renewing. Also, the concept of the industrial gathering appears, at the expenses of widening of basic, circulation funds and also insurance reserves takes place”.

You’ll meet below the definitions of investments from “the course of economy”: the investments are called “placements of fund into the basic capital (basic means of production), reserves, also other economical objects and processes, which request long-termed influxing of material and cash means. “According to the division of capital into physical and money forms, the investments too must be divided into material and cash investments”.

They apportion investment commodity, to which belong industrial and nonindustrial building objects, vehicles purposed for changing or widened technical park and the furniture, increasing reserves and others.

“They call the total investments of production an investment product, which is directed towards keeping and increasing the basic capital (basic means) and reserve. Total investments consist of two parts. One of them is called the depreciation; it represents important investment resources for compensation of renewal till the level of before industrial usage, wearing out and repairing of the basic means. Second consisting part of the total investments is represented by net investments – capital investments for the purpose of increasing basic means”. Depreciation is not a compensation resource of wearing the basic funds out, but it is the purposeful financial source of such resources.

Human capital investment is “a specific kind of investments, mostly in education and health protection”.

“Real investments are the investments in the economical branches and also, they are kinds of economical activities, which provide influxing the increases of real capital, that is increasing material values of the industrial means”. We can agree with such definition with one specification that material and nonmaterial values too belong to the real capital (wealth), consequently science-researching experimental-construction results, various information, education of he workers and others. Such service as organization of the excitable games, also the service of redistribution social wealth from one private person to another (except charity).

“Financial investments represent placement of funds into the shares, obligations, promissory notes, other securities and instruments. Such investments, of course, do not give increases of the real material capital, but they help getting profit, consequently at the expenses of changing the course of the securities in the time of speculation, or distinguishing the course in different places of sell and purchasing”. We share wholly such definition, hence it follows that financial investments (if it is not followed by real investments as a result) do not increase real material wealth and real nonmaterial wealth. According to this context, the expression below is very important: “we must distinguish financial investments, which represent placement of the funds in the ways of selling and purchasing the securities for the purpose of getting profit and financial investments, which become cash and real, moved to real physical capital.”

In the “economical course” quoted before long and short-termed investments are separated. Recognizing the existence of the bounds between them, the authors ascribe short-termed investments to “one month or more” investments. If we get such conditioned criteria, that we can call the investments which overcome the terms of some months, long-termed ones, which is very doubtful and we don’t agree with it. A long-termed character of the fund placement is a significant feature of the investments (short-term doesn’t combine with the concept of investments). Principally, it would be better to point out quick compensative, middle termed compensative and long-termed compensative investments:

- less then 6 months – quick compensative;

- from 6 months up to the year and a half – middle termed compensative;

- more then the year and a half – long termed compensative.

We stopped at the definition of the investments in the capital work “economical course” for the special purpose, as, in it the author tried to discuss the concept of investments systemically and quite completely, herewith the book is published just now.

We’ll return to the discussion the definition economical category of “investments” in different publications in the following chapter. The definitions given here are quite enough for having a notion of the level of lighting up the given category in the economical literature.

What conclusions may be made according the definition of the mentioned economical category in the published works, except the made notions and specifications?

There is quite deeply, concretely and thoroughly defined the concept of “investments”, different definitions in the economical literature; but mostly in every works about the investments discussed by us until now, there is not opened the essence of investments as an economical category. In every monograph, even if it has a title investment, as an economical category, there is given only the definition, concept of investments. But, as the Academician Vasil Chantladze explains, “a concept is a discussion, which proves something about the distinguishing feature of the researched object. A concept out of much essential characteristic features represents only one, and essential in it is only - definition”.

But the categories are much wider; it is “a key, the most fundamental concept of every science”. Economical categories theoretically represent real, objectively existed productive relations. A category is the defining of occasions of existed characters, connections, relations of the objective world. Generally, any educational process is fulfilled by the categories, which give opportunities for dividing the processes and occasions semantically, for expressing the definitions of a subject and realize their specific peculiarities and economical relations of a material world.

Our goal is exactly to substantiate investments – as an economical category and also, as a financial category in the narrow understanding.

Here we apply for another manual thesis made by the academician Vasil Chantladze: “every financial relation is an economical one and every financial category is and economical one, but not every economical relation and economical category is financial relation and financial category”.

In the process of defining the investments, it is important to take in mind the sides of resources, expenses and incomes, because investment, from one side, is the result of the manufacture’s activity, and, from another one, - a part of income, which, in this case, is not used for usage.

Another occasion: it is advisable to discuss investments in two aspects: as a category of reserve and flow, which will reflect exactly the connection between “placement of funds” and “investments”.

As we’ve mentioned above, not long ago, in the well-known Soviet literature the concepts of “the placement of funds” and “investments” were accepted to be the synonyms and concerned to be investment of sources for further production of the main funds and formation of the turnover funds. We meet with such understanding of the concept of “investment” (here, they separate three types of the investment expenses: investments in the basic capital of investments, investments in the house building and investments in the reserves) in the modern economical publications and it is mostly used on the macro level during a statistical analyze of economical processes. In this concrete occasion investment is the category of reserve.

According to the aspect of flow the investments may be discussed in the process of analyzing industrial activity, when it is necessary to learn the variety of the economical relations related with the investments’ further production and formation, sources, objects and subjects, that is on the micro level.

Main distinguishing criteria of different methods of approach towards the concept of “investment” the aspect of prolonging of measuring this showing. Is it possible or not to measure the investment showing separate from the term factor (the norm of gathering, the volume of capital property, the reserves of production and so on). If it is possible, then it is the category of reserve, and if it is not, then it is measured in the section of time and belongs to the category of flow.

Thus, investment, as an economical category, is quite consuming concept. It concerns the elements defining the regularities of function and regulation of the investment domain, privately:

First, resources and values put into the industrial activity. Here, investments may be realized in the following ways:

1. mobile and real estates (buildings, constructions, furniture and other material values);

2. cash sources, purposeful bank accounts, credits, shares and other long-termed securities;

3. owners rights according to the author’s rights, licenses, Now-How, experience and other intellectual values;

4. the rights for using land and other natural resources, also other owners rights.

Notwithstanding any forms, investments are results of capital gathering. Leading investments – regularity of gathering defines its volume and dynamics and, generally, whole investment activity.

Second, the incomes ruling volume and dynamics of the resource investment. Herewith, we must underline the circumstance, that the process of getting profit, the regularity of its creation, isn’t a constant of the concept “investment”. The factors of production (also the conditions of exploitation of capital values) and selling (market conjuncture), also the process of capital gathering is the leading and important condition only for the investment formation. Though, we underline again, that the process of getting and distributing the income is a significant component of the investment activity.

The transformation of investments makes the basis for the investment activity, which concern the following circles: resources – investment (expense) – capital property – income. The practice of realization such circles of the investments transformation is exactly the investment activity (investing). The investment activity, except the investments itself, concern motivation and stimulation of the capital gathering, relations of capital gathering and ruling, also, totality of the defined level of profitability on the capital and the goals of capital growth.

According to the mentioned above, in the definitions of the investment as economical category sometimes the needed exactness and clearness is not felt, some categories of the wealth are represented tightly enough. For example, real prosperity is bounded only by material estimation. This leads us to the unvalued investment resources in the era of transformation industrial society into the investment one; also to the recognition of yet uninvolved valuable scientific researches in the production, securities turned into speculation objects, and unreal property in the consistence of one and the same parts; to there equalization. On the basis of the made analyses, we can cite a wide definition of the investments together with the leading categories.

Investment resources – are values, invested into this or that project in this or that kind for the purpose of getting profit beginning with material ones, finished with cash.

Kinds of the prosperity are equal to the kinds of the investment resources and is divided into real and cash, consequently into financial resources.

Real investment resources concern all kinds:

- natural resources;

- labour resources;

- material resources, the usage of which is possible in the economical development (buildings, constructions, vehicles and furniture, transport and communication means and so on;

- investment resources (in the widest understanding, that is from scientific-research and experimental-construction works, till the education potential of the society and till all kinds of gathering useful information, written about every possible, that is typing and electronic bearer).

Cash, consequently financial resources concern every cash means for usage in this way in definite conditions or directed in the sort of investments.

Cash means (resources) turn into the financial resources in the case of structuring of funds of purposeful destination foreseen for investments of this or that kind.

After defining investment resources we can make wide definition of the investments as economical category.

Investments – are the placements of real, financial and intellectual resources into the projects, the fulfillment of which leads us to getting the increases from real wealth, in the material and informational forms. It is followed by a cash (financial) prosperity or its increases (at the expenses of the distribution of the cash means).
As an economical category, investments express economical relations, which are created in the ways of using and formation of the investment resources between the participants of the investment process for the purpose of improving and widening of the enterprise.

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First it needs to be stated that no one has a crystal ball which predicts the future. These thoughts are just opinions and should be taken as such not as legal or tax advice. We will try to show the political positions of the countries that are not in favor of the tax haven offshore jurisdictions and the position of the tax haven countries. The countries most outspoken against offshore banking and offshore corporations are Australia, UK and USA.

Today there is a great outcry from these and other countries about the tax saving benefits afforded to citizens of certain countries by going offshore. These countries claim that their constituents are cheating them out of billions of dollars of taxes by going offshore. The offshore jurisdictions that are considered the tax havens say that is a nice allegation but we are not your collection agency and do not ask us to change our bank and corporate privacy laws because your constituents do not want to pay taxes, this is your problem not ours. The actual amount of taxes that are avoided unlawfully is a figure that one can only take a guess at. Many people set up offshore structures to do business outside of their home country and are not in violation of any laws the way they conduct their business affairs. Many people live in other countries and need to own offshore bank accounts, offshore corporations, offshore real estate, etc. Many people use offshore privacy to protect themselves from identity theft, kidnapping, blackmail, and possible extortion.

Let me use an analogy to make a point. In Latin America there is an organization of five states called Mercosur. Mercosur consists of Argentina, Brazil, Paraguay, Venezuela, and Uruguay. Mercosur also has associate members which are as follows: Chile, Bolivia, Peru, Columbia and Ecuador. The Mercosur countries engage in free trade and easy border controls with no passports, just national identity cards for border crossings. Mercosur recently issued a statement that they would in the future strive to resist any further attempts to get them to spend more resources on narcotics enforcement that stems from the UN. The UN says its member countries must enact certain kinds of laws to control narcotics and states these laws and insists on enforcement policies. The Mercosur spokesperson stated that this was an irrational policy since it has not worked for over a quarter of a century and it was severely draining the resources of their countries. Essentially they said they were sick and tired of the United States which is the nation driving these policies through the UN, making their problems, the problems of other countries and they were going to collectively attempt to legalize narcotics in their own nations to free themselves from this heavy burden of narcotics enforcement. This has already begun to happen in Bolivia, Paraguay, Argentina and Venezuela with the abundant legal availability of cocoa leaf. The cocoa leaf has cocaine alkaloids (real cocaine) and is commonly used as a chew like chewing tobacco leaf or made into tea leaves. Street cocaine is perhaps 30 times as potent and is diluted with harmful substances like turpentine, ether, etc. Cocoa leaf is a natural plant product used for centuries as a stimulant by people living in the high altitudes of Bolivia, farm workers etc. One can now see coca tea being sold freely on the Internet but I would strongly advice you not to order any because you may get charged with narcotics importation, seriously because it can be lab tested to contain cocaine. So my point is a lot of countries have said ok enough is enough when it comes to narcotics. It is not working leave us alone, take care of your own problem. So Mercosur countries are now worrying about their own problems more and less about the narcotics issues in the USA and other nations. I think you will see more of the same type of thinking when it comes to offshore banking, offshore corporations, offshore foundations, offshore stock brokerage accounts etc.

Offshore jurisdictions have to go through all sorts of compliance that is not needed in say the USA or the UK. One offshore formation agent went to the USA and was able to open eight USA bank accounts in one day. In Panama a bank account can take five days after you collect and submit the reference letters and documents. In the USA and UK no bank reference letters are required to open a bank account, neither are any professional references required. In the USA and UK they do enforce money laundering protective measures strictly. One can buy USA corporations or UK corporations without any of the due diligence requirements that are required from offshore jurisdictions. So the playing field is not exactly level yet these countries are screaming for more controls not on themselves but on other countries. It seems that the offshore jurisdictions will scream enough is enough if any further controls are imposed on them and resist them. Of course one wonders what further controls they could come up with that they haven't already imposed.

Let's look at history a little to see how things deteriorated in the past regarding offshore privacy and offshore banking. Most of the older offshore tax havens are also tourist destinations such as Cayman Islands, Nassau, Bermuda, Grenada, Belize etc. These countries usually have little if any natural resources and need to bring in everything they consume. While some of them avoid income taxes instead they impose taxes on goods imported. These countries got heavily involved in tourism as a way to keep their economies moving. A cruise ship docking at these ports usually carries 2500 people. Each person probably spends an average of $100 a day when in this ports buying t-shirts, duty free liquor, tobacco, jewelry etc. many spend a good deal more. That is $250,000 per cruise ship. These jurisdictions get from 3 ships per week, to 40 ships per week docking there. The money from the cruise ships exceeds what would be earned from their previous offshore banking and incorporation activities. Remember a bank that controls hundreds of millions of dollars of deposits can only have 50 or so employees. A thriving cruise ship port can have thousands of employees working in the shops, restaurants, as tour guides, taxi drivers etc. So more jobs are at stake in the tourism business. We also have to take into account the resorts these countries have which create even more jobs and generate revenue in the form of a hotel room tax built into the rates. These countries also charge a head tax on every person coming into their country. Bottom line is there is much more money in the tourism business than there is the offshore business for the government of these jurisdictions. The governments of these countries don't make much off of a bank account for instance, actually nothing. They have no income or capital gains tax. The offshore corporations would pay a few hundred dollars a year in taxes but that was it. The banks would pay a few thousand dollars a year for their licenses. So these countries sold out on offshore privacy to protect their tourism. If they did not do so the countries allowing tax free importation from these countries of tourist bought items might go away. Tourists returning from these countries by ship or air might find themselves stuck in long lines while they are searched and interrogated by authorities of various affected countries which would quickly and seriously discourage tourism to these countries. Other countries like Switzerland, Lichtenstein, and Luxembourg sold out due to pressure from the EU. But now we are seeing a reversal in position regarding the EU, not much of a reversal but at least a sigh of OK enough is enough.

In recent months the USA was exposed by the New York Times Newspaper in a scandal whereby they were monitoring SWIFT wire transactions for some years. SWIFT is a private company that enables banks to communicate with each other securely including sending wire transfers. SWIFT machines require a separate terminal and line so as to make them most secure. The USA served a court order on the SWIFT people in New York to turn over all the data they requested and gag ordered them to not mention what was going on. It went on for two years. This got the EU nations most upset. While they have not actually prosecuted the SWIFT people for violating the banking laws of the various European nations affected, there was serious talk of it. Whether or not obeying a USA court order to violate the banking laws of other nations is a viable defense has never been tested in any court, yet anyway. The EU position on this was they must get the USA to understand their banking laws call for privacy. This of course is not exactly giving ground for more privacy invasive laws which is what we mean by a reversal.

Today the most privacy oriented jurisdiction in the world is Panama. Panama has 400,000 corporations registered there. Panama requires corporation formation agents to be lawyers and their know your client rules are strict and call for criminal penalties if not followed. Panama banks follow tight anti-money laundering laws as well as know your customer laws. Panama does still allow for anonymous bearer share corporations which do not require the entry into any registry of any ownership names or identities. The anonymous bearer share corporations combined with Panama bank secrecy laws make for the best privacy in the world today. Panama foundations are also anonymous with no owners, beneficiaries or protectors names appearing in any registry or database. Panama is also in no tax treaty with any other country and is fairly unique in this regards. Of course one can ask the question if Panama can sustain their practices under pressure from other nations.

First off Panama does follow the FATF (Financial Action Task Force) practices. Secondly Panama does not exactly have a lot of tourism, actually it has quite a small amount of tourism and most of their tourism comes from Latin America not the EU or USA. This means there is no meaningful tourism that can be taken away. Panama is a small country and 15% to 20% of the workforce is employed by the international banks. Panama has 400,000 corporation registered there who each pay $300 in annual corporate taxes. This comes to $120,000,000 dollars and this is for a country of 2.9 million people. Also consider these corporations are paying for resident agents, nominee directors etc. Then we get into Panama Foundations which also collect $300 in annual taxes each year plus nominee council member fees. Panama will and has resisted attempts to compromise banking secrecy and corporate secrecy.

Again let us look towards history to see what we can learn, this time focusing on anonymous bearer share corporations. The issue with anonymous bearer share corporations is that when the international wires are monitored it is impossible to tell who the natural persons are behind the bearer share corporations sending or receiving the wires. The British Virgin Islands used to offer anonymous bearer share corporations. A few years ago they gave in to pressure from the UK and stopped issuing new bearer share corporations but they did make allowances for the existing bearer share corporations to remain anonymous for 10 years. After that time they would need to dissolve or operate in a non-anonymous mode. If we want to look on the dark side we can consider Panama doing the same if international pressure ever built up sufficiently to force a change. So of course those owning an existing bearer share corporation would be unaffected for ten years and these corporations would probably go up significantly in value on the secondary market. We have absolutely no indications subtle or otherwise that anything is going to change in Panama.

It is also a possibility that some other nations may enter into the bank secrecy arena in the near future and some other nations may return to bank secrecy as well. Only time will tell. Nothing we see gives any inkling of an idea that Panama will reverse on its position of bank and corporate privacy and it appears that things may have already sunk to an all time low and offshore banking and corporate privacy may actually soon start to improve, first with the wire transfer system and later on in other areas.

Guide lines to open a US Bank Account for Non-Residents

The importance of having a US bank Account for non residents is very necessary if you are in the online business. If you want to boost the sales of advertising your website, providing multiple payment solutions should effectively do the job. An online account for handling credit card transactions applies the same concepts as a standard retail account. A virtual card terminal is used to process the payment transactions. The transactions with your customers are then transferred to a payment gateway system which would verify the necessary details for the procedures.


Having a Us bank Account for non residents is a must for businesses that get a large part of their income from online sales. The convenience that can be provided by this payment system would not only benefit you and your employees but your customers as well. You can easily process payments through credit cards and at the same time secure these funds by directly depositing them to your bank account. You may also provide several online purchasing features such as shopping carts so that the consumers can immediately see calculations of sales tax and shipping charges.


An online Us bank Account for non residents can also help in simplifying the processes for selling products. A website containing the necessary terms and conditions are relayed to the consumers thus providing easy legitimization of the sale transaction. Since the sales through credit cards are recorded in the machine, it is possible to generate reports and update the database with just making simple adjustments on the software being used. This can effectively reduce the time that you would allot in doing the accounting manually.


Having an Internet US bank Account for non residents is also advantageous in terms of widening the scope of your business. With having an online business which caters to different people from around the world, there are high chances that you would encounter purchases with different currencies. This is not a problem if you have an account that can handle these payments. Aside from this convenience, it can also make your services and products to be advertised globally. People from around the world can easily access your website and pick the items or services that they want hassle free. They only need their credit card details in order to get the items that they want. Without much effort, you are generating sales within a 24 hour period.

Another good thing about an Internet Us bank Account for non residents is that you do not have to necessarily purchase equipments for handling credit card transactions. The business operations are virtually processed thus the only thing that you should take care of is pleasing your customers and generating sales for your business.

Free Online Credit Counseling – Who Does it Benefit Most?

Who needs online credit counseling the most?

Very few Americans have no form of debt. Whether it is a home mortgage, credit card, car loan, or student loan, Americans generally carry some sort of debt. With all the talk about credit counseling, there are lots of people wondering if credit counseling online is for them. If you are one of these people trying to figure this out, there are a number of things to consider.

You don't need online credit counseling if…

Generally, if you are able to pay your bills, and pay them on-time, you do not need credit counseling. There can be exceptions to this, but in general, credit counseling is for people who cannot pay their bills. If you can pay your bills, but you are unhappy with your interest rate, sometimes you can negotiate your interest rate by yourself. If this doesn't work, it might be possible to roll your debt onto another credit card or a loan with a lower interest rate. If these options are no possible, then having a credit counseling service negotiate for you might be worth consideration.

You are a great candidate for credit counseling if…

On the other hand, if you have trouble making the minimum payments on your debt, then free online credit counseling might be for you. These companies help you consolidate your debt, so you're only sending out one payment a month. The credit counseling company will then distribute out the payment you sent them to your debtors. Working through a free online credit counseling firm can give you extra leverage when trying to get your interest rates lowered.

Note that credit counseling companies will not take on all debts regardless of amount. There are some situations where bankruptcy can be a better solution than debt consolidation. Also, be wary of consolidation programs which have a payment schedule longer than five years. Often times if it will take longer than five years to complete the payment schedule on consolidated debt, it is better to declare bankruptcy.

Contact a Free Online Credit Counseling Service Today!

If it sounds like free consumer credit counseling online is a good fit for you, you can look through the National Foundation for Credit Counseling to find a reputable credit counseling service. Don't wait, every day that passes could be a day when you start paying down your debt.